1. Solar Power Tower https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

2. Mirror - Military applications 1 (See solar power tower for a practical use of this technique.) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

3. Concentrated solar power - Current technology 1 Concentrating technologies exist in four common forms, namely parabolic trough, dish Stirlings, concentrating linear Fresnel reflector, and solar power tower https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

4. Concentrated solar power - Solar power tower 1 The Planta Solar 10 (PS10) in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain is the first commercial utility- scale solar power tower in the world https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

5. Energy storage - Further reading 1 Discusses molten salt thermal storage, SolarReserve, Brightsource, solar power towers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

6. Thermal energy storage - Molten salt technology 1 Several parabolic trough power plants in Spain and solar power tower developer SolarReserve use this thermal energy storage concept. The Solana Generating Station in the U.S. has 6 hours of storage by molten salt. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

7. Grid energy storage - Thermal 1 Molten salt is used to store heat collected by a solar power tower so that it can be used to generate electricity in bad weather or at night. Thermal efficiencies over one year of 99% have been predicted. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

8. Solar power in the United States - Existing plants 1 The 5 MW Kimberlina Solar Thermal Energy Plant demonstrates a fresnel reflector technology. Sierra SunTower is a 5MW commercial concentrating solar power tower in Lancaster, California and is the only CSP tower facility operating in North America. The 1.5MW Maricopa Solar is the first Dish Stirling power plant. The 2MW Holaniku MicroCSP Solar Thermal Plant in Hawaii is the world's first MicroCSP power plant. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

9. Solar power in the United States - Under construction 1 The facility will consist of fields of heliostat mirrors focusing solar energy on boilers located on centralized Solar power tower|power towers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

10. Renewable energy policy - Solar thermal power stations 1 Solar thermal power stations include the 354megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

11. Solar tracker - Active tracker 1 Active two-axis trackers are also used to orient heliostats - movable mirrors that reflect sunlight toward the absorber of a Solar power tower|central power station. As each mirror in a large field will have an individual orientation these are controlled programmatically through a central computer system, which also allows the system to be shut down when necessary. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

12. Electricity generation - Turbines 1 *** Solar thermal energy (the sun as the heat source): solar parabolic troughs and solar power towers concentrate sunlight to heat a heat transfer fluid, which is then used to produce steam. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

13. Solar power - Concentrating solar power 1 A wide range of concentrating technologies exists: the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

14. Solar power - Concentrating solar power 1 A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors (heliostats) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower. Power towers are more cost effective, offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability among CSP technologies. The PS10 Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar power plant are examples of this technology. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

15. Solar mirror - Terrestrial applications 1 Solar thermal systems have been constructed to produce concentrated solar power (CSP), for generating electricity.[http://www.energylan.sandia.gov/sunlab/overview.h tm#tower Sandia Labs - CSP Technologies Overview][http://www.energylan.sandia.gov/sunlab/PDFs/sola r_tower.pdf PowerTower The large design developed by Sandia National Labs] The large Sandia Lab solar power tower uses a Stirling engine heated by a solar mirror concentrator.[http://www.energylan.sandia.gov/sunlab/PDFs/s olar_dish.pdf Sandia Lab - Solar Dish Engine] Another configuration is the trough system.[http://www.energylan.sandia.gov/sunlab/Snapshot/TR OUGHS.HTM Sandia Lab - Trough System] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

16. Fossil-fuel phase-out - Concentrated solar power 1 A wide range of concentrating technologies exists; the most developed are the parabolic trough, the concentrating linear fresnel reflector, the Stirling dish and the solar power tower https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

17. Intermittent energy source - Solar energy 1 *'Capacity factor' Photovoltaic solar in Massachusetts 12-15%. Photovoltaic solar in Arizona 19% Thermal solar parabolic trough 56% Thermal solar power tower 73% https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

18. Solar power in Spain - Solar thermal power plants 1 The 11 MW plant, known as the PS10 solar power tower, produces electricity with 624 large heliostats https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

19. Solar power in Spain - Solar thermal power plants 1 The new facility is located adjacent to one with half its capacity, called PS10, which was the world's first commercial solar power tower plant https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

20. Power storage - Further reading 1 Discusses Thermal_energy_storage#Molten_salt_tec hnology|molten salt thermal storage, SolarReserve, Brightsource, solar power towers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

21. Ionic liquids - Solar thermal energy 1 Concentrating solar thermal facilities such as parabolic troughs and solar power towers focus the sun's energy onto a receiver which can generate temperatures of around https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

22. Solar thermal - Power tower designs 1 Solar power tower|Power towers (also known as 'central tower' power plants or 'heliostat' power plants) capture and focus the sun's thermal energy with thousands of tracking mirrors (called heliostats) in roughly a two square mile field https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

23. Solar thermal - Power tower designs 1 The first solar power tower was the 10MW The Solar Project#Solar One|Solar One in 1981, later redeveloped into Solar Two. The French 2MW Themis (solar power plant)|Themis was completed in 1983 and the Soviet 5MW SES5 was built in 1985. All of these early project are out of commission. Solar thermal power did not progress from these experimental plants until the mid- 2000s. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

24. Solar thermal - Power tower designs 1 A solar power tower is expected to come online in South Africa in 2014.[http://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/ project_detail.cfm/projectID=244] Ivanpah Solar Power Facility in California will generate 392 MW of electricity from three towers making it the largest solar power tower plant when it comes online in late 2013. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

25. Solar thermal - Steam accumulator 1 The PS10 solar power tower stores heat in Steam accumulator|tanks as pressurized steam at 50 bar and 285 °C. The steam condenses and flashes back to steam, when pressure is lowered. Storage is for one hour. It is suggested that longer storage is possible, but that has not been proven yet in an existing power plant. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

26. Solar thermal - Molten salt storage 1 Molten salt is used in solar power tower systems because it is liquid at atmospheric pressure, provides a low-cost medium to store thermal energy, its operating temperatures are compatible with today's steam turbines, and it is non-flammable and nontoxic https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

27. Solar thermal - Graphite heat storage 1 High Temperature Liquid Fluoride Salt Closed Brayton Cycle Solar Power Towers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

28. Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System 1 It will deploy 170,000heliostat mirrors focusing solar energy on boilers located on centralized solar power towers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

29. Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System - Description 1 The facility will consist of fields of heliostat mirrors focusing sunlight on receivers located on centralized solar power towers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

30. Solnova Solar Power Station 1 The 'Solnova Solar Power Station' is a large concentrated solar power|CSP power station made up of five separate units of each. The facility is part of the Solucar Complex, in Sanlúcar la Mayor, in Spain, the same area where the PS20 solar power tower is also located. With the commissioning of the third unit, the Solnova-IV in August 2010, the power station currently ranks as the List of largest power stations in the world#Concentrated thermal|largest CSP power station in the world. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

31. Renewable energy in the United States - Solar thermal power 1 In 2012, the Bureau of Land Management made available 97.9 million acres of land for solar projects, adequate for 10 million MW of solar power tower or 20 million MW of parabolic trough. Of this, 17 Solar Energy Zones, were identified, which could produce from 42,554 MW - 76,577 MW.[http://solareis.anl.gov/index.cfm Solar Energy Development PEIS Information Center] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

32. Copper in renewable energy - Tower plants 1 Solar power tower|Tower plants, also called central tower power plants, may become the preferred CSP technology in the future. They collect solar energy concentrated by the heliostat field in a central receiver mounted at the top of the tower. Each heliostat tracks the Sun along two axes (azimuth and elevation). Therefore, two motors per unit are required. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

33. Heliostat - Small-scale projects 1 Instead of many large heliostats focusing on a single target to concentrate solar power (as in a solar power tower plant), a single heliostat usually about 1 or 2 square meters in size reflects non-concentrated sunlight through a window or skylight https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

34. Heliostat - Small-scale projects 1 Rohr proposed that the system would be “more reliable and more cost-effective per square meter of reflective area” than large solar power tower plants, in part because it would not be sacrificing 80 percent of the power collected in the process of converting it to electricity.Rohr, B https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

35. Heliostat - Design 1 Heliostat costs represent 30-50% of the initial capital investment for solar power tower power plants depending on the energy policy and economic framework in the location country. It is of interest to design less expensive heliostats for large scale manufacturing, so that solar power tower power plants may produce electricity at costs more competitive to conventional coal or nuclear power plants costs. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

36. The Solar Project - Solar One 1 Solar One was a pilot solar-thermal project built in the Mojave Desert just east of Barstow, California|Barstow, California|CA, USA. It was the first test of a large-scale thermal solar power tower plant. SolarOne was designed by the United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy (DOE), Southern California Edison, LA Dept of Water and Power, and California Energy Commission. It was located in Daggett, California|Daggett, California|CA, about east of Barstow. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

37. Concentrating solar power - Current technology 1 Concentrating technologies exist in four common forms, namely parabolic trough, enclosed trough, dish Stirlings, Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector|concentrating linear Fresnel reflector, and solar power tower.[http://tomkonrad.wordpress.com/20 06/12/07/they-do-it-with-mirrors- concentrating-solar-power/ Types of solar thermal CSP plants] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

38. Concentrating solar power - Solar power tower 1 The PS10 solar power tower|Planta Solar 10 (PS10) in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain, is the first commercial utility-scale solar power tower in the world https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

39. Plataforma Solar de Almería - Testing 1 Over 20,000 m² of mirrors are installed on a site. There are several techniques tested under practical conditions, mainly solar thermal power plants. Hydrosol-2 is a solar power tower and a set of heliostats to collect the solar thermal energy. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

40. Iron oxide cycle - Process description 1 The temperature level is realized by using a solar power tower and a set of heliostats to collect the solar thermal energy. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

41. German Aerospace Center - Solar tower power plant 1 In 2007, the first commercially operated Solar power tower|solar tower power plant, the PS10 solar power tower, was commissioned https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

42. SolarReserve 1 'SolarReserve' is a privately held, venture- backed renewable energy company based in Santa Monica, California. In September 2011, the United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy awarded a $737 million loan guarantee to support SolarReserve’s 110 MW solar power tower. The company develops utility-scale concentrating solar power plants with integrated Thermal_energy_storage#Molten_salt_techn ology|molten salt thermal storage technology. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

43. Steam accumulator 1 A 'Steam accumulator' is an Thermal insulation|insulated steel pressure tank containing hot water and steam under pressure. It is a type of energy storage device. It can be used to smooth out peaks and troughs in demand for steam. Steam accumulators may take on a significance for energy storage in solar thermal energy projects. An example is the PS10 solar power tower plant near Seville, Spain https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

44. Energy storage system - Further reading 1 * Wald, Matthew L. [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/03/busines s/energy-environment/building-storehouses- for-the-suns-energy-for-use-after- dark.html?pagewanted=all Storehouses for Solar Energy Can Step In When the Sun Goes Down], The New York Times, January 2, 2012. Discusses Thermal_energy_storage#Molten_salt_techn ology|molten salt thermal storage, SolarReserve, Brightsource, solar power towers. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

45. Andalusia - Energy infrastructure 1 It is the largest existing solar power facility in Europe.[http://www.renewableenergymaga zine.com/paginas/Contenidosecciones.asp ?ID=660Tipo=Nombre=Renewable%20en ergy%20news Abengoa opens the first EU commercial concentrating Solar Power Tower], RenewableEnergyMagazine.com, 2 April 2007 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

46. Solar America Initiative - Selected list of plants 1 It deploys 173,500heliostats each with two mirrors focusing solar energy on boilers located on centralized solar power towers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

47. Solar power tower 1 The 'solar power tower', also known as 'central tower' power plants or 'heliostat' power plants or power towers, is a type of solar furnace using a tower to receive the focused sunlight. It uses an array of flat, movable mirrors (called heliostats) to focus the sun's rays upon a collector tower (the target). Concentrated solar thermal is seen as one viable solution for renewable, pollution-free energy. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

48. Solar power tower - Design 1 * Some Concentrating Solar Power Towers are air-cooled instead of water-cooled, to avoid using limited desert waterhttp://www.brightsourceenergy.com/t echnology/faqs/ https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

49. Solar power tower - Novel applications 1 Traditional Solar Power Towers are constrained in size by the height of the tower and closer heliostats blocking the line of sight of outer heliostats to the receiver https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

50. Solar power tower - Novel applications 1 As Solar Power Towers commonly use steam to drive the turbines, and water tends to be scarce in regions with high solar energy, another advantage of open pits is that they tend to collect water, having been dug below the water table. The Pit Power Tower uses low heat steam to drive the pneumatic tubes in a co-generation system. A third benefit of re-purposing a pit mine for this kind of project is the possibility of reusing mine infrastructure such as roads, buildings and electricity. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

51. Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 1 It deploys 173,500heliostats, each with two mirrors, focusing solar energy on boilers located on three centralized solar power towers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

52. Ivanpah Solar Power Facility - Description 1 The facility consists of fields of heliostat mirrors focusing sunlight on receivers located on centralized solar power towers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

53. PS20 solar power plant 1 The 20megawatt (MW) solar power tower produces electricity with large movable mirrors called heliostats.[http://sev.prnewswire.com/oil- energy/20090427/DC0579027042009- 1.html Abengoa Solar Begins Operation of World's Largest Solar Power Tower Plant] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

54. Hamilton Sundstrand - History 1 On 2 January 2008, Hamilton Sundstrand announced it would commercialize the concentrated solar power tower technology and corresponding molten salt storage system developed by Rocketdyne through a new entity known as SolarReserve.[http://www.hamiltonsundstrand corp.com/vgn-ext- templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=16eaaec96 b991110VgnVCM1000007301000aRCRDhsct =hs_newsciid=a0326696c4637110VgnVCM1 00000c45a529fRCRD News Item] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

55. Nevada Solar One - Technology 1 The mirrors are manufactured by Flabeg AG in Germany.[http://www.flabeg.com/en/02_05 _trackrecord.html Flabeg AG - solar power mirror installations] In contrast to the Solar power tower|power tower concentrator concept that California's original Solar One project uses https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

56. Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert - Solar One and Solar Two 1 Solar power towers use thousands of individual sun-tracking mirrors (called heliostats) to reflect solar energy onto a central receiver located on top of a tall tower. The receiver collects the sun's heat in a heat- transfer fluid that flows through the receiver. The U.S. Department of Energy, with a consortium of utilities and industry, built the first two large-scale, demonstration solar power towers in the desert near Barstow, California|Barstow, California. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

57. Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert - Solar One and Solar Two 1 The Solar Project#Solar One|Solar One operated successfully from 1982 to 1988, proving that solar power towers work efficiently to produce utility-scale power from sunlight. The Solar One plant used water/steam as the heat-transfer fluid in the receiver; this presented several problems in terms of storage and continuous turbine operation. To address these problems, Solar One was upgraded to Solar Two, which operated from 1996 to 1999. Both systems had a 10 MW power capacity. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

58. Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert - Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 1 BrightSource Energy received a $1.6 billion loan guarantee from the United States Department of Energy to build the project, which deploys 347,000 heliostat mirrors focusing solar energy on boilers located on centralized solar power towers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

59. PS10 1 The 'PS10 Solar Power Plant' (), is the world's first commercial concentrating solar power tower operating near Seville, in Andalusia, Spain. The 11megawatt (MW) solar power tower produces electricity with 624 large movable mirrors called heliostats. It took four years to build and so far cost €35million (US$46million). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

60. PS10 - Energy storage 1 The PS10 solar power tower stores heat in Steam accumulator|tanks as superheated and pressurized water at 50bar (unit)|bar and 285°C https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

61. Solar concentrator - Current technology 1 Concentrating technologies exist in five common forms, namely parabolic trough, enclosed trough, dish Stirlings, Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector|concentrating linear Fresnel reflector, and solar power tower.[http://tomkonrad.wordpress.com/20 06/12/07/they-do-it-with-mirrors- concentrating-solar-power/ Types of solar thermal CSP plants] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

62. Mirrors - Military applications 1 (See solar power tower for a practical use of this technique.) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

63. Scrapper (Transformers) - Animated series 1 Upon learning of the Autobot Grapple (Transformers)|Grapple's solar power tower design, Scrapper and the Constructicons pretended to have defected from the Decepticons in order to help him and Hoist (Transformers)|Hoist construct it, exposing their treachery upon its completion https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

64. Hook (Transformers) - Animated series 1 Hook and the Constructicons also built monumental structures. The most notable constructions were a solar power tower designed by Autobot Grapple (Transformers)|Grapple. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

65. Mount Wilson (California) 1 It is the location of the Mount Wilson Observatory and has become the astronomical center of Southern California with and telescopes, and and solar power tower|solar towers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-solar-power-tower-toolkit.html

66. For More Information, Visit: https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-solar-power-tower- toolkit.html https://store.theartofservice.co m/the-solar-power-tower- toolkit.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com