1. Telecommunications and Networking MIS 503 - Management Information Systems MBA Program

2. A Significant Underestimation “This ‘telephone’ has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. the device is inherently of no value to us.” Western Union internal memo, 1876.

3. Telecommunications: The Technology

4. What is communication? The Romans used the Latin word communicare when they meant "to make common, to share, or to impart.” Communication is the sharing of information or messages between two or more entities.

5. Elements of a Communication System Source - the originator of the message, whether it is a person or machine. Transmitter - the equipment that modifies the message (either data or voice) into the form required for transmission. Communications channel - the means of carrying the signal from the source to the destination.

6. Elements of a Communication System Transmission media - may be physical, like a copper wire or fiber optic cable, or atmospheric, like radio waves. Receiver - is the device that captures the message from the communications channel and converts it into a form that the person or machine at the destination can understand. Destination - the person or machine to whom the message is directed

7. Elements of a Communication System

8. Types of Signals Analog signal - a continuous fluctuation over time between high and low voltage. Digital signal - discrete voltage state - either high or low.

9. Transmission Capacities Signal frequency - the number of times the signal cycles per second which is measured in (Hz) hertz. Amplitude - The maximum value of a quantity that varies sinusoidally during a cycle.

10. Transmission Capacities What was that? Ok, it’s the difference of the extremes from the midpoint of the wave’s signal.

11. Transmission Capacities Bits per second (bps) - the number of bits that can be transferred in one second. Bits per second (kps) – speed measured in 1000’s of bps. Bandwidth - range of signal frequencies that can be sent over a given medium at the same time. Broadband - bandwidth of 256K to 1 Mbps.

12. Modulation Techniques Amplitude modulation (AM) – A form of modulation in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in direct proportion to that of a modulating signal. –In other words, the amplitude of the wave is modified.

13. An example of amplitude modulation. The top diagram shows the modulating signal superimposed on the carrier wave. The bottom diagram shows the resulting amplitude-modulated signal. Notice how the peaks of the modulated output follow the contour of the original, modulating signal. (wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_Modulation) Amplitude modulation (AM)

14. Modulation Techniques Frequency modulation (FM) - represents information as variations in the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave –i.e., it modifies the frequency of the wave.

15. Frequency modulation (FM) An example of frequency modulation. The top diagram shows the modulating signal superimposed on the carrier wave. The bottom diagram shows the resulting frequency-modulated signal. )Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation)

16. Modulation Techniques Phase modulation (PM) - represents information as variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. –i.e., modifies the phase of the wave.

17. Phase Modulation An example of phase modulation. The top diagram shows the modulating signal superimposed on the carrier wave. The bottom diagram shows the resulting phase-modulated signal. (Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_modulation)

18. Transmission Modes Data can flow between telecommunication devices in three ways: –Simplex - the data can flow only in one direction. –Half-Duplex - the data can flow in both directions, but it can only flow in one direction at any point in time. –Full-Duplex - data can flow in both directions at the same time.

19. Data Transmission Asynchronous transmission - the data is sent in packages of characters, one character at a time. –Each character set includes a parity bit surrounded by start and stop bits. The parity bit is used for error checking. Synchronous transmission - data is sent in packages of more than one character at a time with each block sandwiched between a header byte and a trailer byte, called flags.

20. Bus

21. Ring

22. Star

23. Mesh Topologies

24. Microwave and Satellite Transmission Microwave transmission, also called terrestrial microwave, consists of high- frequency radio signals (30 cm to 1 mm) that are sent through the air. –Microwave and satellite transmissions are sent through the atmosphere and space. –Microwave transmissions can be sent through the air up to 30 miles.

25. A communications satellite is a microwave station placed in outer space. –Satellites don’t “bounce” the microwave signal; rather, the signal is received and then rebroadcast at a different frequency. –Satellites can broadcast over long distances. Microwave and Satellite Transmission

26. A Classic Case of Miscalculation Iridium Iridium communications –Launched November 1, 1998 –Went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy on August 13, 1999 –Why? Miscalculated competition from cellular Development costs were high Prices were too high Technology was awkward and limited The project was mismanaged –Visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_%28satellite%29#Quotes for more informaitonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_%28satellite%29#Quotes

27. Other Transmission Options Cellular transmission – Well, you know about this one…

28. Mobile Phone Infrastructure

29. Narrowband, Broadband, and Spread Spectrum Signals Narrowband - a transmitter concentrates the signal energy at a single frequency or in a very small range of frequencies. Broadband - a type of signaling that uses a relatively wide band of the wireless spectrum. Spread spectrum - the use of multiple frequencies to transmit a signal.

30. Mobile Phone GenerationsGenerations 1G: The first generation of wireless technology –used analog communication –designed for voice communication 2G: The second generation of digital wireless technology –Uses digital circuit switched transmission protocols –Capable of providing voice/data/fax transfers, albeit at low data rates –SMS was introduced in 1994 and became a popular tool associated with GSM (Global System for Mobile communications)

31. Mobile Phone Generations (cont.) 2.5G: Interim wireless technology that has greater bandwidth –CDMA2000 1x (Code Division Multiple Access) and GPRS (general packet radio service) –Uses packet switching, which offers high data transfer rates (e.g., up to 307 kbit/s) compared to the circuit switching of GSM and other 2G networks

32. Mobile Commerce Generations (cont.) 3G: The third generation of digital wireless technology –For example, UMTS and CDMA2000 1xEV- DO –High data transfer rates (2.4Mbit/s) –It has the potential to support rich media such as video and graphics

33. Mobile Phone Generations (cont.) 4G: The next generation of wireless technology –Very high data transfer rates (20 Mbps) –In the context of mobile phones, it is expected to be available by 2010 –4G also refers to the integration of mobile phones, Wi/Fi networks, and other components of a pervasive network

34. PCS (Personal Communications Service) 1900 MHz radio band used for digital mobile phones CDMA, GSM, and TDMA systems can all be used on PCS frequencies PCS is designed for greater user mobility by providing more towers per area to increase high bandwidth services –Expected to reach up to 10 Mbps speeds in the near future

35. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) A version of time division multiple access (TDMA) technology, because it divides frequency bands into channels and assigns signals time slots within each channel. Makes more efficient use of limited bandwidth than the IS-136 TDMA standard common in the United States. Makes use of silences in a phone call to increase its signal compression, leaving more open time slots in the channel.

36. Emerging Third Generation (3G) Technologies The promise of these technologies is that a user can access all her telecommunication services from one mobile phone. CDMA2000 - a packet switched version of CDMA. Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) - based on technology developed by Ericson, is also packet-based and its maximum throughput is also 2.4 Mbps.

37. Infrared Transmission Infrared transmission - involves sending signals through the air using light waves in the IR spectrum. –Used to connect small devices such as remote controls, sensor systems, and computers. –Excellent for short distance environments –Requires line-of-sight connectivity

38. WLAN Architecture

39. Wireless Networking Standards 802.11 - IEEE’s Radio Frequency Wireless networking standard committee. 802.11b - uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signaling. Also used the 2.4 - 2.4835 GHz frequency range and separates it into 14 overlapping 22-MHz channels. 802.11g - designed to be just as affordable as 802.11b while increasing its maximum capacity from 11 Mbps through different encoding techniques. 802.11a - uses multiple frequency bands in the 5 GHZ range. Like 802.11g, 802.11a provides a maximum throughput of 54 Mbps.

40. Bluetooth A mobile wireless networking standard that uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSS) signaling in the 2.4 GHz band to achieve a maximum throughput of less than 1 Mbps. Designed to be used on small networks composed of personal communications devices, also known as personal area networks.

41. Telecommunications Devices

42. Modems Translating data from digital to analog is called modulation, and translating from analog to digital is called demodulation. Thus, these devices are modulation/ demodulation devices, or modems.

43. Packet Switching

44. The OSI Model

45. Multiplexers A multiplexer is a device that takes several separate digital data streams and combines them together into one data stream of a higher data rate. There are two types of multiplexers: –Time division multiplexer. –Frequency division multiplexer.

46. Time division multiplexer (TDM) slices multiple incoming signals into small time intervals. –Used most commonly for digital transmissions –Uses pulses of data Frequency division multiplexer (FDM) places the incoming signals on different frequency ranges and sends them across the telecommunication medium at the same time. –Used primarily to carry multiple voice signals on a single physical circuit –Commonly used on FM to separate the right/left channels Multiplexers

47. DSL Multiplexers An important application of multiplexers is in DSL –A digital subscriber line access multiplexer, (DSLAM) is a multiplexer located in the telephone company exchange that provides consumers access to DSL services over twisted pair copper cabling.

48. Communications Processors and Servers Front-end processors - handle communications to and from a computer system. Communications server - is an advanced personal computer system that can tie together other personal computers.

49. Switched and Dedicated Lines A switch is a special-purpose circuit that directs messages along a specific path in a telecommunications system. A dedicated line, or leased line, provides constant connection between two points.

50. Integrated Services Digital Network Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a technology that uses existing common-carrier lines (i.e., the circuit switched telephone network system) to allow digital (as opposed to analog) transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires. –ISDN also offers good rates of transmission, 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps. –ISDN has been mostly superseded by DSL and has never gained popularity as a telephone network, thus remaining a niche product

51. ISDN Integrated Voice and Data Digital Circuit Digital Switching Time Division Multiplexed –Two 64Kbps channels –One 16Kbps data channel –One 16 Kbps maintenance channel

52. Digital Subscriber Line(DSL) Use existing twisted-pair wires Speeds 384 Kbps to 1.544 Kbps – usually about 768K/second DSL is constrained by distance; signal strength and bandwidth decrease over greater distances

53. T1 Carriers A T1 carrier is a time-division multiplexed digital transmission facility capable of supporting 24 voice channels, (each encoded as a 64 kbps PCM DS0 signal), producing an aggregate multiplexer output signal at the 1.544 Mbps DS1 rate. A T1 carrier is designed to operate full duplex over two pairs in unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable T2 and T3 circuit channels carry multiple T1 channels that are multiplexed, resulting in transmission rates of up to 44.736 Mbit/s.

54. Significant Quotes “No sensible man would transact his affairs by a means of communication such as Bell’s telephone.” Western Union Board of Directors letter to shareholders - - October 1876. The Americans have need of the telephone, but we do not. We have plenty of messenger boys. Sir William Preece, chief engineer of the British Post Office, 1876

55. Major Telecommunications Laws Graham Act, 1921 –Exempted telephone companies from antitrust laws Communications Act of 1934 –legislation which created the Federal Communications Commission AT&T Consent Decree of 1956 –AT&T and the US Justice department agree on a consent decree to end an antitrust suit against AT&T in 1949 Carterfone Decision of 1968 –allowed other businesses to attach telephones, equipment and business switchboards to the Bell network MCI Decision –FCC decree in 1969 that granted MCI Communications Inc., as well as any other company, the right to offer long distance service to customers and to connect to AT&T's network Modified Final Judgment and Divestiture, 1984 –Split up the Bell Network The Telecommunications Act of 1996

56. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first major overhaul of United States telecom policy in nearly 62 years. The focus of the Act was to enhance competition The legislation regulates: –Broadcasting by over-the-air television and radio stations; –cable television operators; –satellite broadcasters; –Wireline telephone companies (local and long distance), wireless telephone companies, and others.

57. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 The act ended several government rules that were designed to keep barriers between these communications industries Local telephone services provided by –the local exchange carrier –the cable company, –a new cable or exchange carrier –a long distance carrier –the power utility

58. IP Economics

59. Interconnection Not as easy as it sounds!

60. Types of Competitive LECs Exchange Carrier (or local exchange carrier - LEC) –An exchange carrier is any company, BOC or independent which provides intra-LATA telecommunications within its franchised area. Types of LECs –Facilities Based Carriers –Unbundled Port –Unbundled Loop –Reseller of Services

61. Types of LECs CLEC (Competitive local exchange carrier): A telephone company that competes with an incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC) such as a Regional Bell Operating Company (RBOC) ILEC (Incumbent local exchange carrier): A telephone company that was providing local service when the Telecommunications Act of 1996 was enacted

62. Competitive LEC Facilities Based Carrier CLEC Switch CLEC Switch Coax Amplifier Fiber Tap Drop Residence O/RF Converter Head End Power Supply Fiber Copper Cable DLC X-Box ILEC Switch Residence Drop CLEC ILEC

63. Competitive LEC Unbundled Port Coax Amplifier Fiber Tap Drop Residence O/RF Converter Head End Power Supply Fiber Copper Cable DLC X-Box ILEC Switch Residence Drop CLEC ILEC

64. Competitive LEC Unbundled Loop Drop Residence Fiber Copper Cable DLC X-Box ILEC Switch Residence CLEC ILEC CLEC Switch

65. Competitive LEC Unbundled Port & Loop Or Reseller Drop Residence Fiber Copper Cable DLC X-Box ILEC Switch Residence CLEC ILEC CLEC Switch

66. Implications for Consumers Which scenario represents your firm?

67. Implications for Consumers New Opportunities for Cooperation Cooperation between: Service providers Consumers and Providers

68. Implications for Consumers Telecommunications Managers will have to wear a variety of hats to fulfill organizations demands.

69. Advantages Lower prices –Increased competition yields lower prices End-to-end service providers –Companies are encouraged to market bundled services

70. Advantages Better technology –Competitive forces will drive new developments in technology Increase in services –Increase in competition leads to an increase in services

71. Disadvantages Complex vendor selection Advertising Overload Problems with new carriers will arise

72. Technology Convergence Data Video Voice Services

73. Voice Over IP (VoIP) The use of packet-switched networks and the TCP/IP protocol suite to transmit voice conversations. Reasons for implementing VoIP may include: –To improve business efficiency and competitiveness –To supply new or enhanced features and applications –To centralize voice and data network management –To improve employee productivity –To save money

74. VoIP and IP Telephones Popular features unique to IP telephones include: –Screens on IP telephones can act as Web browsers, allowing a user to open HTTP-encoded pages and, for example, click a telephone number link to complete a call to that number. –IP telephones may connect to a user’s personal digital assistant (PDA) through an infrared port, enabling the user to, for example, view his phone directory and touch a number on the IP telephone’s LCD screen to call that number. –If a line is busy, an IP telephone can offer the caller the option to leave an instant message on the called party’s IP telephone screen.

75. VoIP and Softphones

76. Virtual Organizations

77. The Anything, Anyplace, Anytime Workplace 5 Web effects shaping the future –The Walmart Effect - Commodization –The Intel Effect - Chip Power Doubles every 18 Months; services are productized and follow this pattern –The New York Effect - 1% of a Big Pie is Big Money; an explosion of niches –The Bombay Effect - Services can be Exported –The Domino’s Effect - The Strong get Stronger; leverage what you got… Michael Saylor, Fast Company

78. Technologies for Virtual Teams Information Access Technology Communication Technology Decision Support Technology Audio Communication Video Conferencing Synchronous Chat Group Support Systems Project Management Spreadsheet Analysis Tools OLAP Data Warehouses Internet Search Engines E-mail Personal Information Management

79. Collaboration-Enabling Tools: Groupware Groupware: Software products that support collaboration, over networks, among groups of people who share a common task or goal Provide a way for groups to share resources and opinions

80. Collaboration-Enabling Tools: Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) Virtual meetings: Online meetings whose members are in different locations, frequently in different countries Group decision support system (GDSS): An interactive computer-based system that facilitates the solution of semistructured and unstructured problems by a group of decision makers

81. Collaboration-Enabling Tools: GDSS (cont.) Major characteristics of a GDSS –Its goal is to support the process of group decision makers by providing automation of subprocesses using information technology tools –It is a specially designed information system –It encourages generation of ideas, resolution of conflicts, and freedom of expression

82. Collaboration-Enabling Tools: GDSS (cont.) GDSSs improve the decision-making process by: –providing structure to the planning process –support parallel processing of information and idea generation –make larger meetings possible

83. Collaboration-Enabling Tools: Teleconferencing Teleconferencing: The use of electronic communication that allows two or more people at different locations to have a simultaneous conference Video teleconference: Virtual meeting in which participants in one location can see participants at other locations on a large screen or a desktop computer

84. Collaboration-Enabling Tools: Teleconferencing Data conferencing: Virtual meeting in which geographically dispersed groups work on documents together and to exchange computer files during videoconferences Web conferencing is conducted on the Internet –few as two and as many as thousands of people –allows users to simultaneously view something –interaction takes place via messaging or a simultaneous phone teleconference –is much cheaper than videoconferencing because it runs on the Internet

85. SharePoint An integrated portfolio of collaboration and communication services designed to connect people, information, processes, and systems both within and beyond the organizational firewall. (MS Website) –A virtual desktop –A collaboration space –Shared workspace –Communication portal for teams

86. Unique Opportunities “That is the essence of virtualization: rather than simply re-creating in digital form the physical thing we know as a letter, e-mail reinvents and vastly enhances letter-writing. Unbound by barriers of time and space and endowed with new powers, the electronic letter does something new altogether. The same sort of thing happens when business, the arts, or government are reborn in digital form.” John Verity, Business Week, 1994

87. Looking into the Future “Computers are getting smaller and smaller. You can expect to have on your wrist tomorrow what you have on your desk today, what filled a room yesterday.” Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital Today’s average consumers wear more computing power on their wrists than existed in the entire world before 1961. Anonymous