1. ABO blood typing(1) Hu li-ping( 胡利平 ) Forensic Medicine Dept.

2. Outline Part one Introduction Part two ABO blood type Part three Experiment operation for ABO typing

3. Blood groups The genetic differences of blood are called blood groups. The genetic differences Part one Introduction RBCs group WBCs group Serological type

4. The genetic differences of RBCs are called RBCs groups. The genetic differences ABO group Rh. MN. P. lewis.kidd

5. Whole Blood

6. Composition of Blood Plasma: Fluid component – Water (90%) – plasma proteins – Other solutes Formed elements: Cells and fragments – RBCs – WBCs – Platelets

7. In Plasma,there are some useful antibodies in forensic application or medical application. such as anti-A,anti-B On the surface of RBCs,there are many antigens, such as A,B.

8. 8 Blood Typing Antigens – Surface of red blood cells – Responsible for blood-type characteristics More than 15 blood antigen systems are identified ABO, Rh systems are the most important

9. Antibodies – In the plasma – Responsible for blood-type characteristics at the same time

10. History ---- In 1900,Karl Landsteiner found 4 different kinds of blood –A,B,AB and O(A-B-O system). ----A few years later, starting around 1937, a series of antigen-antibody reactions were discovered in blood, the most common ones being ABH, MN, Rh, and Gm (over 100 antigens exist).

11. Part two ABO blood type

12. Type O—46% Type A—40% Type B—10% Type AB—4% Average Percents…

13. 4 blood types

14. Surface Antigens Antibodies AAAnti-B BBAnti-A ABA, Bnone O Anti-A Anti-B ABO Antigens and Antibodies

15. Homologous Chromosomes Genes From FatherFrom Mother Diploid = Two copies of each type of chromosome Loci = Physical position of a gene on a chromosome Allele = Alternate forms of a gene: Alleles have the same position (locus) on a pair of homologous chromosomes

16. ABO TYPE Phenotype Genotype AAA or AO BAA or BO AB OOO

17. Father A + Mother B Child ?

18. A O B A B B O Child1Child2

19. Other Examples MomDadOffspring Blood Group AABB100% AB AOBB50% each of AB or B AOBO4 kinds of blood group AABO50% each of AB or A

20. Part three —Detecting ABO blood groups (1) Experimental purposes (2) Experiment principle (3) Experimental procedures

21. Experimental purposes ------to grasp the method of ABO blood tpying -----To be familiar with agglutination reactions of RBCs and judge the agglutination result.

22. Experiment principle of Blood Typing Antigen –antibody reactions Specific antigen on the surface of blood and serum antibody in the plazma can particularly combine and cause agglutination reactions.particularl

23. ABO Blood Typing Antigen –antibody agglutination reactions

24. phenomenonResultsMeaning Agglutination + With relevant antigens _ With no relevant antigens

25. Experimental procedures Take fingertip blood agglutination reactions judgement of results

26. to be prepared - Mark With saline A B

27. Collect blood Sterilize Pierce Squeeze

28. Mix up saline RBCs suspension 2 drops blood A B

29. anti -A anti -B A tube B tube 2 drops Mix A B

30. Place in a room temperature for 15mins Whether agglutination A B

31. Agglutination is positive. （ + ） No agglutination is negative. （ -- ）

32. Results - ABO Positive typing Antibodies known Unknown cells1 Unknown cells2 Unknown cells3 Unknown cells4 A(anti-A)+_+_ B(anti-B)_++_ ResultsABABO

33. Experiment contents To test the two unknown samples x1x1 x2x2

34. Anti-B Anti-AAnti-B Anti-A x1x1 x2x2

36. Anti-B Anti-AAnti-B Anti-A x1x1 x2x2 Place in a room temperature for 15min Mix up

37. Test report (1) Experimental purposes (2) Experiment principle (3) Experimental procedures (4) Experimental results (5) Experimental analysis

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