1. Biology 102 Laboratory 1 Blood and Blood Typing
16 slides, 25 min.

2. Lab Safety and Laboratory Overview
Inside front cover of your Marieb/Mitchell Laboratory Manual
IT Policies
Safety Equipment for lab
Lab Overview
Lab slides/handouts - I will provide copies
Prep for lab
Grading policy for lab
Making up missed labs
Please be sure to put your name in the proper location on the laboratory seating chart and sign the IT policies sheet before you leave today.

3. Objectives for Lab 1
Be able to read and interpret a blood typing agglutination reaction and determine blood type from what you see
Understand what determines blood type and under what circumstances a transfusion reaction may occur, i.e., what serum antibodies must be present for a reaction to take place
Be able to distinguish the formed elements of blood under the microscope or from a photomicrograph, and know the approximate percentage of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes

4. Neutrophils light blue granules in acid-base stain lobed nucleus
other names
segs
polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs)
bands (young neutrophils)
first to arrive at infections
phagocytic
54% - 62% of leukocytes
elevated in bacterial infections

5. Basophils deep blue granules from basic stain release histamine
release heparin
less than 1% of leukocytes

6. Eosinophils deep red granules in acid stain bilobed nucleus
moderate allergic reactions
defend against parasitic worm infestations
1% - 3% of leukocytes
elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions

7. Monocytes largest blood cell kidney-shaped or oval nuclei
leave bloodstream to become macrophages
3% - 9% of leukocytes
elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis

8. Lymphocytes about the size of RBC large spherical nuclei
thin rims of cytoplasm
T cells
B cells
important in immunity
produce antibodies
25% - 33% of leukocytes
decreased T Cells in AIDS

9. Antigens and Antibodies
The major function of the immune system is to distinguish ‘self’ from ‘non-self’
Antigens are glycoproteins that can potentially trigger an immune response (agglutinogens)
An antibody is a protein that binds specifically to a particular antigen (agglutinins)

10. ABO Blood Group

11. Agglutination *

12. Blood Agglutination Anti-D = Rh factor Agglutination (positive rexn)
Homogeneous “lawn” of RBCs (negative rexn)
Figure From: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

13. Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for Transfusion
NOTE:
Type AB is a universal recipient Type O is a universal donor

14. Rh Blood Group Factor Several antigens, most important is antigen D
If any Rh antigens present, blood is Rh+
Anti-Rh antibodies develop after exposure of an Rh- individual to Rh+ blood.

15. Determining if a transfusion reaction will occur
When transfusing ‘packed red cells’, only RBCs will be transfused from donor to recipient
Must consider ONLY if the antibodies present in the recipient’s plasma will react with the donor’s RBCs.
Example: Transfusing CELLS from a type B donor to the PLASMA of a type A recipient.
Cells
Plasma
Cells
Plasma

16. Review AB = universal recipient, O = universal donor BLOOD TYPE A B AB
Antigen on RBC’s
A and B
neither A or B
Antibodies in plasma
both A and B
Compatible donors
A, O
B, O
AB, A, B, O
Incompatible donors
B, AB
A, AB
NONE
A, B, AB
Genotype
IAIA OR IAi
IBIB, IBi
IAIB ii
Phenotype
type A
type B
type AB
type O
AB = universal recipient, O = universal donor

17. Things you should do in lab today
Examine the blood slide under the microscope
Blood slide – be able to recognize and distinguish among the different types of cells as well as platelets
Refer to your
Marieb’s Lab Manual for pictures/guidance (Ex. 29)
See Lab Guide (handout) checklist of cells for which you are responsible for Laboratory Exercise #1
Test a simulated blood sample (work with a partner)
Use the Ward’s kits to test a sample of simulated blood; see the instructions in your Lab Guide
Determine the blood type
Fill out Lab Report sheet and hand in today
Please try to log on to the computer at your station

18. Next Lab…
Suggest that you review the following exercises in preparation for examining models and learning blood vessels
See Blood/Cardiovascular links on Web site
Heart Anatomy (Human models and Steer hearts)
See Exercise 30 in Marieb’s Lab Manual
Don’t forget your dissecting kits, safety glasses, and gloves!
Be sure to review what you did today and complete Review Sheet for Exercise 29 in your lab manual (you do not have to hand this in).