1. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) 1.Overview of central visual pathway 2.Projection from retina to LGN 3.LGN layers: P and M pathways 4.LGN receptive fields 5.Retinotopic Maps

3. Thalamus -- A large mass of gray matter deeply situated in the forebrain. There is one on either side of the midline. -- Axons from every sensory system (except olfaction) synapse here as the last relay site before the information reaches the cerebral cortex. -- Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is responsible for relaying visual information

4. Three subcortical areas in the visual pathway: - Pretectal area, superior colliculus, and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) Superior colliculus controls saccadic eye movements: Coordinates visual, somatic and auditory information, adjusting movement of the head and eyes towards a stimulus 1. Superior colliculus – brain stem – eye muscles (oculomotor reflex) 2. Superior colliculus – tectospinal and tectopontine tracts – head and neck muscles -

5. Pretectal area mediates pupillary light reflex Retina – pretectal area – Edinger- Westphal nuclei (on both sides) – IIIrd cranial nerve – pupillary constrictor muscles.

6. Visual pathway from retina to V1 eye LGN V1

7. Projection from retina to LGN fixation point fovea Nasal RGC: axons crossover, project to contralateral LGN Temporal RGC: axons stay on the same side (ipsilateral) Left visual field: right LGN, right V1 Right visual field: left LGN, left V1 1-6: lesion that produce distinct visual defects

9. Parvocellular layers: 3-6 (input from P type RGCs) Magnocellular layers: 1,2 (input from M type RGCs) Contralateral eye: 1,4,6 Ipsilateral eye: 2,3,5 But all LGN layers represent contralateral visual field!

10. LGN layers

11. Lesion studies

12. (after selective lesion)

13. Parvocellular layers (form and color): -- small cells, color sensitive, high spatial resolution (small RF), low temporal resolution (does not see fast flickers of light). They receive inputs from P type RGC cells. Magnocellular layers (motion) -- large cells, color blind, low spatial resolution (large RF), high temporal resolution (good for processing motion stimuli). They receive inputs from M type RGC cells.

14. Interlaminar koniocellular (K) Layers - between each of the M and P layers. K cells are functionally and neurochemically distinct from M and P cells and provide a third channel to the visual cortex. Function of LGN: Unknown Possibilities --gating visual information flow, via different modes (oscillations and bursting/tonic firing) --feedback regulation of visual information flow; for example, spatial attention and saccadic eye movements can modulate activity in the LGN.

15. Anatomical segregation of M and P pathways

16. Receptive Fields of LGN neurons Receptive field -- Part of the retina (visual field) in which light can evoke response from a cell. + - - - - - + + + + - Circular with antagonistic surround ON or OFF center ( 1 o in diameter) - Each LGN cells receives only a few retinal ganglion cells (no transformation) Note: Only 20% of inputs to LGN are from retina, the rest from other areas, e.g. brain stems and cortex. -M Layers (1 &2) receive feedback inputs from extrastriate cortex

17. Spatiotemporal RF: Receptive field is dynamic, containing both space and time infomation

18. Retinotopic Maps - Adjacent points in the retina project to adjecent points in the higer order brain regions. Mapping of LGN: 1. Recording parallel to the layer showed that adjacent cells are excited by adjacent retinal cells of the same retina 2.Recording perpendicular to the layers showed that cells in different layers are excited by cells in either right or left retina but having the same receptive field location. Cells in different layers are in “topographic register”.

19. medial visual field  lateral V1 lower visual field  anterior V1 upper visual field  posterior V1 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 23 retina LGN V1 FP visual field From visual field to V1 leftright V2

20. Nonuniform representation of the visual field in V1 Cortical magnification in the fovea ---- The fovea has a larger cortical representation than the peripheral. Fixation point Visual field leftright V1V1 V1V1