1. Michelle Ji, Sam Shober, April Zhang

2. Goal: Assess dietary needs of people in our area Determine whether men or women were picker eaters Conducted survey that asked participants if any of the following were applicable: Vegetarian Diabetic Allergic to any foods Dieting A picky eater Took note of age range and gender

3. Systematic Random Surveying Method Choose shopping/entertainmen t centers with heavy foot traffic RandInt locations to use Survey every third person that passes Pros: wide variety of people in older age groups Cons: Few teenagers Inconclusive data for testing Fewer non-response than Facebook surveying Conclusion: Most accurate/representative overall

4. Systematic Facebook Surveying Method Make event and invite all friends Every third response is counted in data Pros: More than 400 responses Received more data that was in our favor Conditions met  proceed to testing Cons: Only two people outside of 15-20 age range Conclusion: Most amount of data overall and in allowed us to test Most representative of teenage age range

5. Vegetarianism Lacto-Ovo (milk & eggs) Ovo (only eggs) Lacto (only milk) Pescatarian (fish & seafood) Strict (no meat/dairy/eggs but other animal products allowed) Vegan (no animal products for consumption or use) Vegetarian Stats (2008) 7.3 million Americans are vegetarians 3.2% of Americans are vegetarians

6. Vegetarians 59% female 41% male 42% 18-34 years old 40.7% 35-54 years old 17.4% over 55 years old Food Allergies 4% of Americans have food allergies 6% of children have food allergies 2% of adults have food allergies 60% female, 40% male Tree nuts, peanuts, milk, eggs, soy, wheat, fish, shellfish account for 90% of food allergies

7. Dieting Dieting industry earned 55 billion dollars in 2006 Estimated 72 million dieters in US In last 10 years, 70% of females and 30% of males have been on a diet 1/3 of women and ¼ of men are currently on a diet

8. Diabetes 25.8 million people have diabetes 8.3% population 0.26% people under 20 11.3% people above 20 26.9% people above 65 11.8% men 20 or older 10.8% women 20 or older

9. Females will demonstrate pickier eating habits than males ie, more females will identify themselves as having a food allergy, being vegetarian, or being on a diet Prediction based on personal experience as well as commentary from some survey participants

10. In our sample… 11.67% of females were on a diet 4.76% of males were on a diet Conclusion: More females than males in Bucks and Montgomery County that frequent shopping and entertainment centers are on a diet. More likely that any given male or female will not be on a diet rather than on a diet

11. In our sample… 6.15% of teens were on a diet 9.09% of young adults on a diet 17.5% of middle age adults were on a diet 0% of senior citizens were on a diet Conclusion: Middle aged adults (age 31-59) are more likely to be on a diet than any other age group Very rare to find senior citizens on a diet in Bucks/Montgomery County In all age groups, it is more likely to find someone not on a diet than on a diet.

12. In our sample, 6.31% of people were vegetarians 93.69% of people were not vegetarians Conclusion: Most people in the Bucks and Montgomery area are not vegetarians

13. StateCheck * SRS* random sample * np* 222(.0631) nq > 10 222(.9369) >10 * pop > 10n* all vegetarians > 2220 conditions met  normal model  1 Prop Z Test p=.0631 n=220 ^ ^ Determine if the proportion of vegetarians in Bucks/Montgomery County is equal to the proportion across America. ^

14. = 2.6297 P(z>2.6297)=.0043 We reject the Ho because our p-value of.0043 is less than an alpha level of.05. We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of vegetarians is greater than 3.2%. Therefore, we can conclude that the proportion of vegetarians in Bucks and Montgomery County is greater than the proportion of vegetarians all across America. p=.0631 n=220 ^

15. In our sample, 15.9% of males were picky eaters 19.4% of females were picky eaters Conclusion: Both males and females are more likely to not be a picky eaters than to be a picky eaters. It appears as if there are more female picky eaters than male picky eaters. To be sure, we need a 2 Prop Z test…

16. StateCheck *2 independent SRS* random sample * n W p W * 134(.194) n W q W > 10 134(.806) > 10 n M p M 88(.1591) n M q M 88(.8409) * pop W > 10n W * all female picky eaters > 1340 pop M > 10n M * all male picky eaters > 880 conditions met  normal distribution  2 Prop Z test p W =.194p M =.1591 n w =134n M =88 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^

17. =.6625 P(z>.7134)=.2538 We fail to reject the Ho because our p-value of.2538 is greater than an alpha level of.05. We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of Bucks/Montgomery County female picky eaters is equal to the proportion of Bucks/Montgomery County male picky eaters. ^^

18. In our sample… 18.66% of females had food allergies 6.8% of males had food allergies Conclusion: More likely to find a male or a female without food allergies than with food allergies. It appears that females are twice as likely to have food allergies than males. To be sure these variables are related, we need a x 2 test of homogeneity…

19. StateCheck *Categorical* Gender and allergies dataare categorical *SRS* Random sample * All expected* all expected cell counts cell counts > 5> 5 conditions met  x 2 distribution  x 2 test for homogeneity

20. Ho: There is no association between gender and food allergies. Ha: There is an association between gender and food allergies. =6.1962 P(X 2 >6.1962)=.0128df=1 We reject the Ho because our p-value of.0128 is less than an alpha of.05. We have sufficient evidence that there is an association between gender and food allergies.

21. Women in Bucks/Montgomery County are more likely to have food allergies. However, our 2 Prop Z Test shows that the proportion of female picky eaters is equal to the proportion of male picky eaters in Bucks/Montgomery County.

22. Proportion of vegetarians in our area is greater than the proportion throughout America Could be because of difference in years (the study we referenced came from 2008) Concern with healthy eating habits might have peaked since 2008  more people may start becoming vegetarian Or, our area could be more open to vegetarianism and healthy eating than other places throughout the country

23. No foot traffic at certain locations Voluntary response bias Facebook and man at Genaurdi’s People carrying heavy loads, on the phone, walk past us, have little kids, listening to music, etc Systematic random sampling is not an ideal method Explaining Large Groups Wording of questions AP vs. High School Non response bias People’s personal opinions or perceptions Flexi-tarian, healthy eaters, etc Age groups 15-20 on Facebook Older people at grocery stores Stores closed at the times we want to survey People giving unserious answers Under-coverage People away for Memorial Weekend or not out shopping while we were conducting our survey

24. Surveying in person is definitely one if not the most difficult type of data collection Encounter strange people Probably will never be utilized again, for any future projects (unless required) Facebook data collection is the most efficient if you have many ‘friends’ But will probably be the most biased Surprised that women and men were equally ‘picky’ eaters

25. Dieting: Females > males in Bucks/Montgomery County on diet 31-59 most likely to be on diet Senior citizens will most likely NOT be on a diet Residents in this area more likely NOT to be on diet Vegetarians: Most people in the Bucks/ Montgomery are not vegetarians Proportion of vegetarians in Bucks/ Montgomery > proportion of vegetarians across America Picky Eating: Proportion of female and male picky eaters in Bucks/Montgomery County are the same Males and females within this area are more likely to NOT be picky eaters Food Allergies There is an association between gender and food allergies Females > males More likely to NOT have food allergies in Bucks/Montgomery Surveying: Some methods better than others Depends on time allotted and results you are hoping to get Future Try different surveying methods Survey according to time of day Attempted but was futile Survey more people Survey in a wider variety of places Make sure all questions are the same when asked Be more clear about restrictions Definition of picky eater/vegetarian is different depending on the person Overall Conclusion: It is not likely to find picky eaters (in general) in the Bucks/Montgomery County area whether out of choice or inevitability.

26. “Save the world” Asking for a prize “REJECT THE NULL HYPOTHESIS!” Voluntary response bias NOT through Facebook 2 nd person in our survey came up to April and asked to answer the questions “See Food Diet” Couples and Picky Eating