1. A novel software-based tool to verify and predict heat treatment times for packaging wood in compliance with ISPM 15 Hugh Evans and Christine Tilbury Forest Research Emily Ho, Jenni Ferrans and Sajid Rafique BHR Group Limited

2. Objective To develop a software tool to optimise the operation of industrial heating chambers to comply with ISPM 15 Wood packaging material should be heated in accordance with a specific time-temperature schedule that achieves a minimum wood core temperature of 56 o C for a minimum of 30 minutes with confidence minimum energy cost minimum operational time

3. Heating Chamber Calibration specific to timber species, loading and seasonal ambient temperatures: Significant air temperature variations within the chamber Significant timber temperature variations within the chamber

4. Current Methods of Verifying Compliance with ISPM 15 use of thermocouple probes in one or more pieces of wood Probe(s) require accurate drilling to place the tip precisely in the core of a piece of wood Probe(s) tend to be on the exposed sides of edge pieces; these receive more heat than pieces in the centre of stacked wood precise duplication of conditions vary with time of year, wood moisture, etc.

5. Limitations of Current Methods of Verifying Compliance with ISPM 15 Due to uncertainty, the operators tend to be over-cautious and to use longer heat treatment times as a safety margin

6. The Role of the Software Software predicts heating time from basic chamber parameters including wet bulb temperatures Can be used to verify, complement or replace probe measurements Useable by chamber operators to: verify or predict heat-treatment times optimise heat-treatment times to save energy optimise chamber throughput to save time

7. Future Potential Developments Use in real time control of heating chamber operation Installation of CFR 21 part 11capability allowing: Secure time stamped encrypted and inviolable data storage Electronic storage and transmission of individual chamber performance Remote interrogation by authorities of production rates Assignment of unique batch bar code allowing traceability of timber during transit

8. Thermal Diffusion Model into Wood The core ELASTEQ model uses verified complex algorithms derived during 12 years development and use in other industries 2-dimensional time-dependent model, based primarily on Ficks 2 nd law of diffusion Novel six-noded quadratic triangular elements Predicts 1-dimensional or 2 dimensional heat penetration from the outside to the centre of the wood

9. The Model in Practice Software uses surface temperature and diffusivity of the wood as the driving parameters for modelling core temperature Wet bulb temperature: Good indicator of surface temp of wet wood Mildly conservative indicator of surface temp of dry wood The wet bulb temperature is used as a measure of wood surface temp (with corrections for wood with low moisture content) Diffusivity depends on wood density and moisture content

10. Core Temperature - Wet Pine Computed temperature is a good average estimate of wet pine (39 -90% moisture content) based on wet bulb temperature

11. Core Temperature - Dry Pine Computed temperature is a conservative estimate of dry pine (12 -17% moisture content) based on wet bulb temperature

12. Core Temperature - Wet Oak Computed temperature is a good estimate of wet oak (54 -65% moisture content) based on wet bulb temperature

13. Data Input

14. Certification

16. Development and Practical Implementation Initial use by chamber operators to check and predict heating times quarantine staff to check and verify heating times First commercial version will be launched after: Beta testing of the software by potential end users Final verification in commercial situations Register now for a beta version Contact:enquiries @ timbertherm.com www.timbertherm.com

17. The Future A stand-alone certification tool, employing data from each HT run Network integration and encryption for remote interrogation and international traceability. This requires endorsement/approval by RPPOs and/or IPPC Next steps to address this goal: discussion with RPPOs and IPPC customise to individual RPPO requirements and local tree species

18. Thank you for your attention Hugh Evans and Christine Tilbury Forest Research: hugh.evans @ forestry.gsi.gov.uk Emily Ho, Jenni Ferrans and Sajid Rafique BHR Group Limited: eho @ bhrgroup.co.uk