1. Ch 41 Program Files, Data Files, and Subdirectories

2. Ch 42 Overview The cooperative effort between the operating system and the application program and its data files will be discussed.

3. Ch 43 Overview Shareware and freeware will be compared and contrasted.

4. Ch 44 Overview Will learn to differentiate between a program file and a data file.

5. Ch 45 Overview The hierarchical filing system of a tree-structured directory will be explained.

6. Ch 46 Overview Will identify and use subdirectory commands to help manage files from the command prompt.

7. Ch 47 Why Use the Command Prompt Screen? Review commands learned: è FORMAT è DISKCOPY è DIR è CLS

8. Ch 48 Why Use the Command Prompt Window? Four major categories of application programs: è Word processors è Spreadsheets è Databases è Graphics

9. Ch 49 Why Use the Command Prompt Window? OS is important: è Manages the system. è Enables the user to manage and manipulate files on disks

10. Ch 410 Why Use the Command Prompt Window? The OS manages the files not the information put into files.

11. Ch 411 Program Files, Data Files, and the OS è WUGXP Subdirectory contains: è Games which contains è BOG2 which contains è Application program called BOG

12. Ch 412 Program Files, Data Files, and the OS Legacy software can be used by Windows OS because of downward compatibility.

13. Ch 413 Program Files, Data Files, and the OS MS-DOS commands work in conjunction with various types of files.

14. Ch 414 Program Files, Data Files, and the OS Real mode operation: è Used for software written for DOS and early versions of Windows è Application program interfaces with device or DOS and DOS does the work

15. Ch 415 Program Files, Data Files, and the OS Protected mode operation: è Used for Windows software è Application software does NOT interface with hardware è Drivers talk to virtual device drivers

16. Ch 416 Program Files, Data Files, and the OS Operating system: è Loads application program into memory è Assists in loading data file into memory è Ensures cooperation between application program and its data files

17. Ch 417 Program Files, Data Files, and the OS Commands: è Are programs è Allow user to interface with OS to manage programs and data files

18. Ch 418 Shareware Freeware & shareware programs available from a wide variety of sources.

19. Ch 419 Shareware Freeware: è Software that is in the public domain

20. Ch 420 Shareware Shareware: è Trial version of a program

21. Ch 421 Shareware Register shareware program to receive: è Full version with documentation è Update notices è Technical support

22. Ch 422 Shareware Appendix A lists all shareware programs with fees and addresses necessary to register them.

23. Ch 423 Activity—Using DIR to locate the BOG Program KEY CONCEPTS: è Use DIR command to verify BOG is on hard disk è Function of.exe and.dat

24. Ch 424 Using Application Programs & Data Files è DIR command acknowledges files exist. è To use file, must load it into memory.

25. Ch 425 Using Application Programs & Data Files è BOG.EXE is the application program. è BOG.DAT is the data file.

26. Ch 426 Activity—Using Application Programs and Data Files KEY CONCEPTS: è Only programs can be executed è Function of file extension è BOG.DAT is the data file

27. Ch 427 Managing Program and Data Files at the Command Prompt Organize programs and files into subdirectories so it will be easier to save and locate them.

28. Ch 428 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Root directory: è Created when disk is formatted è Represented by (\) - the backslash è Acts as an index to disk

29. Ch 429 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Table 4.1 FAT16 Root Directory File Limits p. 135

30. Ch 430 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory è FAT16 åRoot directory - fixed size & location on disk è FAT32 åRoot directory free to grow as necessary è NTFS åNo limit to # of files/directories in root directory

31. Ch 431 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Subdirectories: è Important part of organizing disk è Can contain subdirectories è No limit in number of files

32. Ch 432 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Subdirectory structure: è Looks like inverted family tree - è Root directory åAt top of tree åPoint of entry in hierarchical structure

33. Ch 433 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Fig 4.1 A Directory Is Like a Family Tree p. 135

34. Ch 434 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Fig 4.2 Hierarchical Structure of a Directory p.136

35. Ch 435 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Fig 4.3 A disk as a Building p. 136

36. Ch 436 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Fig 4.4 Subdirectories as Rooms p.137

37. Ch 437 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Fig 4.5 More Subdirectories p. 137

38. Ch 438 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Fig 4.6 Files in Subdirectories p. 138

39. Ch 439 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory General comments: è Only one root directory - point of entry è Directories å Have only one parent directory å Can have any # of child directories

40. Ch 440 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory General comments: è Each subdirectory å Dependent upon structure above it å Knows only its parents and children è Not changing size of structure - merely organizing it

41. Ch 441 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory General Comments: è User names the subdirectories not the root directory è Subdirectories å Follow file naming rules å Have special commands

42. Ch 442 Hierarchical Filing Systems or Tree-Structured Directory Table 4.2 Directory Management Commands p. 139

43. Ch 443 Creating Subdirectories è Format disk - preparing it to hold files. è Set up subdirectory - preparing it to hold logical group of files.

44. Ch 444 Creating Subdirectories Subdirectory command syntax: MKDIR [drive:] path or MD [drive:] path

45. Ch 445 Activity—How to Create Subdirectories KEY CONCEPTS: è USED /Q parameter to format disk and used shortcut to place volume label on disk è Determine when at root directory è Verify subdirectory created è Attributes (D, H, S, R, A, -) è Use DIR to display directory contents è Subdirectory has two named subdirectories å Dot and double dot

46. Ch 446 The Current Directory Operating system keeps track of: è Default drive è Current (default) directory for each disk

47. Ch 447 The Current Directory CD command: è Displays current default directory: å CD with no parameters è Changes default directory: å Parameter after CD CD [drive:][path]

48. Ch 448 The Current Directory è CD command does not use spaces as delimiters. è Syntax åCD [/D] [drive:] [path]

49. Ch 449 The Current Directory What happens if prompt is A:\> and you key in: è CD C:\WUGXP è C: è CD /D C:\WUGXP

50. Ch 450 Activity—Using the CD Command KEY CONCEPTS: è Results of keying in CD å With no parameters å Followed by subdirectory name è CD alone cannot be used to change drives è Results of keying in DIR

51. Ch 451 Relative and Absolute Paths Use MD or MKDIR command to make new subdirectories. MD [drive:] path

52. Ch 452 Relative and Absolute Paths Fig 4.7 Directory with Subdirectories p. 147

53. Ch 453 Relative and Absolute Paths Absolute path: è Direct route from root directory to the subdirectory of interest è Is always absolutely correct è Complete and total hierarchical structure

54. Ch 454 Relative and Absolute Paths Relative path: è Route from where you are to where you want to go è Can move to directory above it and beneath it

55. Ch 455 Relative and Absolute Paths è Directory: åKnows about files/directories within itself åKnows about its immediate child directory and parent directory è To move to another parent directory must return to the root

56. Ch 456 Relative and Absolute Paths The root directory is parent or common “ancestor” of all directories.

57. Ch 457 Activity—Creating More Subdirectories KEY CONCEPTS: è Absolute vs. relative path è Hierarchy è File vs. directory è Create subdirectories è When and when not to use \

58. Ch 458 Knowing the Default Directory It is important to know default drive and directory.

59. Ch 459 Knowing the Default Directory è PROMPT command without parameters displays current drive and > sign. è CD command displays default or current drive and directory.

60. Ch 460 PROMPT Command è If no prompt specified prompt includes path and >. è Changing way prompt is displayed does not change its function.

61. Ch 461 PROMPT Command PROMPT command: è Contained in CMD.EXE è Syntax - PROMPT [text] è Can include metastrings

62. Ch 462 PROMPT Command PROMPT command Metastrings p. 153

63. Ch 463 PROMPT Command PROMPT Command Metastrings p. 153

64. Ch 464 Activity—Changing the Prompt KEY CONCEPTS: è Changing appearance of prompt does not change its function è Important to display default drive letter è Can return prompt to default value by keying in command with no parameters

65. Ch 465 Subdirectory Markers è Single. (one period) - specific name of current directory. è Double.. (two periods) - specific name of parent directory of current subdirectory.

66. Ch 466 Subdirectory Markers è Can use.. (two periods) to move up the directory. è Cannot use shortcut symbol to move down hierarchy.

67. Ch 467 Activity—Using Subdirectory Markers KEY CONCEPTS: è Using.. (two periods) è Space after CD/MD command & before backslash or directory marker is optional è When to use relative path è When to use absolute path è Keying in CD.. vs. keying in CD \

68. Ch 468 Activity—Using Subdirectory Markers KEY CONCEPTS: è What happens if MD \GOLF keyed in instead of MD PHYSED\GOLF è Results of keying in CD \ or CD\

69. Ch 469 Activity—Using Subdirectory Markers Fig 4.8 Structure of the Data Disk p. 158

70. Ch 470 Activity—Using Subdirectory Markers Fig 4.9 Subdirectories: Another View p. 159

71. Ch 471 Changing the Names of Directories MOVE command: è Used to rename directory from the MS-DOS prompt è MOVE [/Y | /-Y] [drive:] [path] ådirname1 direname2

72. Ch 472 Activity—Using MOVE to Rename a Directory KEY CONCEPT: è Give correct path name (absolute or relative) and can rename a directory from any location

73. Ch 473 Removing Directories RD or RMDIR command: è Used to remove directories è Cannot remove å Directory containing hidden or system files åDirectory you are in å Default subdirectory å Root directory è Cannot use with wildcards

74. Ch 474 Removing Directories RD [/S] /Q] [drive:] path Without parameters: è Removes: å Only empty subdirectories å Files one at a time - bottom up

75. Ch 475 Removing Directories RD [/S] /Q] [drive:] path With parameters: è Can remove directory tree è Can remove directory with hidden or system files è Can traverse directory tree from top down

76. Ch 476 Activity—Using the RD Command KEY CONCEPTS: è Directory is type of file è Cannot delete å Directory you are in å Default directory å Root directory

77. Ch 477 Activity—Using the RD Command KEY CONCEPTS: è Create directories - top down è RD without parameters å Remove directories - bottom up å Removes empty directories

78. Ch 478 Deleting a Directory and Its Subdirectories RD [/S] [/Q] [drive:] path RD with /S parameter: è Deletes directory and contents ( subdirectories/files ) with one command è Removes a tree

79. Ch 479 Deleting a Directory and Its Subdirectories RD with /S parameter: è Traverse directory tree from top down è With /Q parameter - RD runs in quiet mode è Useful, fast, powerful, dangerous

80. Ch 480 Activity—Using RD with the /S Parameter KEY CONCEPTS: è RD /S åRemoves files and subdirectories with one command åUseful, fast, powerful, dangerous

81. Ch 481 Using Multiple Parameters with MD and RD Can create ( MD ) or remove ( RD ) more than one directory on the same command line.

82. Ch 482 Using Multiple Parameters with MD and RD MD command: è Create parent and child directory with one command. è If parent directory does not exist, the OS will create child directories and any necessary intermediate directories.

83. Ch 483 Activity—Using Multiple Parameters with MD & RD KEY CONCEPTS: è Creating subdirectories with MD è Removing subdirectories with RD è Using /S and /Q parameters with RD

84. Ch 484 Understanding the PATH Command Covered in this chapter: è CD command è Located/executed BOG è Reviewed process of executing a program å.com,.exe, and.bat extensions denote executable programs è Used MD, DIR, CD, RD PROMPT, FORMAT, DISKCOPY, and MOVE

85. Ch 485 Understanding the PATH Command OS Search for Correct File is Limited to File Extensions in Order Listed p.168

86. Ch 486 Understanding the PATH Command PATH command: è Locates/executes executable program files è Searches åMemory åCurrent directory åSubdirectories specified with PATH command

87. Ch 487 Understanding the PATH Command PATH command syntax: PATH [[drive:] path [;…] [%PATH%]]

88. Ch 488 Activity—Using the Path Command KEY CONCEPTS: è Use of ; following PATH command è Location of BOG è Elements of path separated by (;) è No need to replace existing PATH to change it è Returning PATH to original setting