1. AP Psychology NCVPS

2.  Defined as the unique pattern of attitudes, behaviors, and emotions than characterize a person. http://personality.prosperyourmind.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/personality1.bmp

3.  The five main theories of personality are: ◦ Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations ◦ Trait - specific dimensions of personality ◦ Biological – influence of genetics ◦ Social-Cognitive - influence of environment ◦ Humanistic - inner capacity for growth http://personality.prosperyourmind.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/personality1.bmp

4.  Perhaps the most well known theory  First proposed by Sigmund Freud, Vienna 1870s ◦ Looked for causes of nervous disorders in patients ◦ Began to believe that some disorders had no physical cause. http://newspaper.li/sigmund-freud/

5. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg  Freud believed the most behavior is controlled by a region of the mind called the unconscious mind.  People do not have access to this region.

6. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg  This region contrasted with the conscious mind  Those things of which we are immediately aware.

7. http://members.shaw.ca/rgtonks/IntroB/Personality/iceberg.jpg  Another region of the mind proposed by Freud was the preconscious mind  Awareness of those things we can access if needed.

8. http://reflow.scribd.com/16ud6w5c011t6xp/images/image-2.jpg  Freud believed that personality developed in psychosexual stages.  “personality forms during the first few years of life, rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”

9. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/ psychology/02.TU.04/?section=12  Stage 1 – Oral Stage (0-18months)  Centered on the mouth  Conflict - If caregivers are not meeting infants needs, child will become fixed at this stage.  Overeating, excessive talking, nail biting, and smoking. Tend to be clingy and dependent

10. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learnin g_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=12  Stage 2 – Anal Stage (18-36 months)  focused on bowel/ bladder elimination  Conflict - child fixed at this stage can become either anal-retentive – excessively controlling, perfectionist, cleanliness or anal-expulsive – careless and messy

11. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learnin g_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=12  Stage 3 – Phallic Stage (3-6 years)  focus on genitals, Identification & Gender Identity  Conflict – child can view same sex parent as rival for other parent’s attention and love “Oedipus/Electra Complex”  Fixation here can lead to depression, excessive guilt, and anxiety

12. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learnin g_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=12  Stage 4 – Latency Stage (6-puberty)  sexuality is dormant  child represses all aggression toward parent of opposite sex  aggression becomes unconscious  Repressed energy becomes focused on other social connections

13. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning _modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=12  Stage 5 – Genital Stage (puberty onward)  sexual feelings toward others  become more aware of gender identity

14. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=11  Freud also proposed that the personality consisted of three parts:  The Id  The Ego  The Superego

15. http://andreealbu.wordpress.com/2011/11/25/inside-the-human-mind/freuds-structural-model

16. http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/psychology/02.TU.04/?section=11  Freud believed that a constant struggle is waged between the three parts of the personality.  The resulting conflict is the basis of anxiety and stress.

17. http://www.dynamicflight.com/avcfibook/human_behavior/  To defend the conscious mind, a number of personality defense mechanisms have developed.  These reduce/ redirect anxiety by distorting reality

18. http://pumaattack.blogspot.com/2009/03/confused-about-defense-mechanisms.html

19. http://www.infowars.com/court-ordered-communism/  Several of Freud’s followers proposed variants of his psychoanalytical theory.  These theories are often grouped as the psychodynamic perspective. Carl Jung http://www.counter-currents.com/2010/10/last- encounter-with-carl-jung/ Alfred Adler

20.  Carl Jung also believed in the unconscious mind, which he believed had two parts.  The first part he call the personal unconscious (resembling Freud’s theory) http://www.schuelers.com/ChaosPsyche/part_1_17.htm

21.  The second part he called the collective unconscious, universal memories of the common human past.  These memories, called archetypes, have the same meaning for all human beings. http://everwalker.wordpress.com/2012/06/13/character-archetypes/

22.  Alfred Adler focused on the role of the ego, rather than the unconscious.  He believed the desire for superiority motivated behavior, not sexual or aggressive urges. http://www.thesocialleader.com/2011/07/transcending-ego/

23.  A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power.  Some people overcompensate, covering up inferiority with outward signs of power, status, and wealth. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/inferiority-complex-symptoms.html

24.  Adler’s research also included the importance of birth order in shaping personality.  Sibling Rivalry – begins as competition between brothers or sisters for parental approval. http://www.aspergersphere.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/sibling-rivalry.jpg

25.  Critics argue it is not possible to scientifically verify the existence of Freud’s concepts.  Others believe the theories are base on overgeneralizations of small sample groups.  Some critics believe it overestimates the importance of early childhood and sex.  Some find Freud’s theories do not portray female personalities correctly.  Finally, Freud’s theories, based on case studies, may be based on memories that could be faulty.

26.  Some theorists believe personality can be describe through specific qualities or traits. http://www.signalpatterns.com/psych_central

27.  Hans Eysenck  He identified four basic traits.  Classified people along an introversion- extraversion scale and a stable- unstable scale. http://alleydog.com/topics/personality.php

28.  Raymond Cattell used factor analysis to identify basic personality traits.  He identified sixteen basic traits.  Developed the 16PF test to identify these characteristics. http://train-srv.manipalu.com/wpress/?p=159275

29. The Big Five Traits  Many psychologists now believe that all traits derive from five basic personality traits:  Neuroticism  Extraversion  Openness to experience  Agreeableness  Conscientiousness http://www.best-personal-growth-resources.com/personality-dimensions.html

30.  A increasing number of theorists believe that personality is influenced by biological factors.  Genetics  Chemicals  Body types http://earny123.hubpages.com/hub/Why-do-I-have-anomalous-experiences- Biological-factors

31.  Little evidence exists about the heritability of personality traits.  However, genes seem to play a role of a person’s temperament.  Temperament is a person’s emotional style and way of dealing with the world. http://www.bowdoin.edu/~sputnam/rothbart-temperament- questionnaires/instrument-descriptions/temperament-middle-childhood.html

32.  These theories combine behaviorism’s emphasis on the environment with cognitive psychology. http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/recdet.gif

33.  Albert Bandura believed that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context.  His model is called reciprocal determinism  Each of three factors influence the others in determining personality. http://theworldbiography.blogspot.com/2012/03/albert- bandura-biography.html

34.  The three factors, behavior, cognition, and environment, are interlocking determinants of each other. http://paigeyvirtualnotebook.wikispaces.com/Unit+10.4+Social+Cognitive

35.  Julian Rotter believed that personality is linked to Personal Control  Internal Locus of Control – the person feels responsible for what happens to them.  External Locus of Control – the person feels luck or other outside, uncontrollable forces determine what happens to them. http://www.productivity501.com/your-locus-of- control/104/

36.  Personal control also impacts the concept of Learned Helplessness. http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~lwh/drugs/ch06-01.htm  When unable to avoid repeated adverse events, an animal or human learns helplessness.  Phenomenon found in nursing homes, prisons, and other institutions.

37. http://wilderdom.com/personality/personality.html  Humanists believe that other theories are too deterministic  Emphasize the positive qualities of humans  Believe humans possess free will - can choose their own destiny.

38. http://thamisgith.hubpages.com/hub/Humanistic-Theory-Hierarchy-Of-Needs  Abraham Maslow & Self- Actualization  Believe humans are motivated to reach their full potential

39. http://www.healthandphysicaleducationteacher.com/ mental-health/self-actualization.html/attachment/self- actualization  Abraham Maslow & Self- Actualization  Studied healthy, creative people  Found similar characteristics  Self-Aware & Self-Accepting  Open & Spontaneous  Loving & Caring  Problem-Centered not Self- Centered

40. http://www.positive-parenting-ally.com/unconditional- positive-regard.html  Carl Roger’s Person- Centered Perspective  Believed people were good with a desire to reach actualization  Emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard during childhood.

41. http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html  Rogers said that Self Concept was the central feature of personality  If one’s ideal perception of self was close to the reality of self, then a positive self concept exists.

42.  Reliability and validity are concerns with personality testing. ◦ The type of tests used vary with different psychologists and theories being tested. http://www.uiowa.edu/~ptimes/issues06-07/winter06-07/index.htm

43.  The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.  Originally used to identify emotional disorders.  Developed by empirically testing a pool of items and then selecting those that distinguished between diagnostic groups. http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Minnesota-Multiphasic- Personality-Inventory.html

44. http://tonks.disted.camosun.bc.ca/courses/psyc130/Personality/personality.htm

45.  The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator identifies personality types by measuring a number of traits. http://bitinglife.com/2012/03/23/myers-briggs/

46.  Psychoanalysts prefer to use projective tests, asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuli. ◦ The classic example is the Rorschach inkblot test. http://www.bay-of-fundie.com/archives/494/rorschach-test

47.  Another projective test is the thematic apperception test (TAT)  Like the Rorschach test, it asks people to interpret ambiguous situations, reflecting unconscious thoughts. http://s927.photobucket.com/albums/ad116/Rotman/The matic%20Apperception%20Test/?action=view&current= TAT-17GF.jpg&sort=ascending

48.  Other psychologists would say that none of these test accurately measures personality.  These scientists prefer naturalistic observation, gathering data through watching in natural surroundings. http://personality.prosperyourmind.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/personality1.bmp

49.  Baucum, Don. Psychology. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's, 2006. Print.  Baucum, Don. Psychology. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 1999. Print.  Davis, Jennifer. Personality. Digital Presentation, Fayetteville, NC, 2012.  "Motivation." SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n.d. Web. 23 June 2012..  Myers, David G. Myers' Psychology for AP. New York, NY: Worth, 2011. Print.  Stangor, Charles. "Introduction to Psychology, v. 1.0." Flat World Knowledge. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 June 2012..  Weseley, Allyson, and Robert McEntarffer. AP® Psychology. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 2010. Print.