1. Intro. to Animals
Ch 32-34
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2. Characteristics of animals
multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes
No cell wall
Dominant generation is diploid
Most are motile for some of their life
Also… have embryonic development that forms layers of tissues
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3. Embryonic development
1)  Zygote forms and starts cleavage= mitosis of the cell
2)  blastula is formed (a hollow ball)
inside cells are called the blastocoel
3)  Gastrulation occurs in which the tissues start to differentiate – gastrula is formed
Then further development occurs (stem cells)
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4. Characteristics and Phylogeny
1) tissue complexity - parazoans – no “true tissues”, when tissues formed = eumetazoa
2) body symmetry
radial = have a top/bottom, no sides/back
bilateral= 2 sides, cut in “identical halves”, top = dorsal, bottom = ventral, front = anterior, back = posterior
cephalization = concentration of senses toward the anterior
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5. acoelomates – no cavity, solid body
3) body cavity = fluid lined space, separates digestive system from the rest of the body
acoelomates – no cavity, solid body
pseudocoelomate = not completely lined cavity
coelomates = true coelom = tissue lined cavity from mesoderm
4) cleavage - early cell divisions of the zygote
protostome – spiral, determinate, first infold forms the mouth
deuterostome – radial, indeterminate, first infold makes anus
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8. 5 Points of Agreement, p.662 1) All animals share a common ancestor
2) Sponges are basal animals
3) Eumetazoa is an animal clade with true tissues
4) Most animals showcase bilateral symmetry
5) Chordates and other phyla are deuterostomes
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9. Grandmax ?
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10. Invertebrates
(ch 33)
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11. Figure 33.38 Exploring: Insect Diversity
(beetles; 350,000 species)

12. The titan beetle of the Amazon
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13. Inverts are diverse and account for 95% of all animals

14. Invertebrates Parazoa – closest to protist, non-eumetazoa
1/1) Phylum “Porifera”-
marine, filter feeders, uses
pores (spongocoel) and
large opening (osculum),
lack true tissues,
unorganized cells,
immobile, hermaphrodites,
ex. sponge
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15. 2) Polyp = sessile, cylinder shaped, rising tentacle
Radiata – true tissues, radial symmetry
1/2) Phylum Cnidaria - marine, sac with 1 opening for digestion
2 body forms
1) Medusa = umbrella-like body, dangling tentacles with stinging threads = nematocysts video
2) Polyp = sessile, cylinder shaped, rising tentacle
2/2) Phylum Ctenophora – marine, cilia to move, ex. comb jelly

16. 4/23/2017

17. Lophotrochozoans, non-deuterostomes with either a crown of ciliated tentacles (lopho) or a distinct larval stage (trocho)
1/6) Phylum Platyhelminthes – Acoelomates – bilateral symmetry, no coelom, most marine, parasites parasite videos, some have digestive "system", have nerve cords, 1 gut opening, ex. Flatworms (planarians), tapeworms, flukes
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18. 4/23/2017

19. Other (less prominent) Lophotrochozoan phyla include:
2/6) Phylum Rotifera – Psuedocoelomates – fake coelom, bilateral, have jaws with cilia, complete digestive track = alimentary canal, first with 2 gut openings, ex. Rotifers
Other (less prominent) Lophotrochozoan phyla include:
Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Acanthocephala, Cyliophora and Nemertea (proboscis worms); see pgs
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20. 3/6) Phylum Mollusca – Protostomes, Coelomates, bilateral
Most secrete a hard calcium carbonate shell b/c of soft body
3 parts:
muscular foot (movement)
visceral mass (organs)
mantle (shell)
ex. snails,
bivalves, slugs,
octopus, squid, p
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21. How many parts can you label?
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22. Coelom Hinge area Mantle Gut Heart Adductor muscle (one or two)
Figure 33.20
Coelom
Hinge area
Mantle
Gut
Heart
Adductor muscle
(one or two)
Digestive
gland
Anus
Mouth
Excurrent
siphon
Figure Anatomy of a clam.
Shell
Palp
Water
flow
Foot
Mantle
cavity
Incurrent
siphon
Gonad
Gill

23. Squid
Octopus
cephalopods
Figure Cephalopods.
Chambered
nautilus

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25. 4/6) Phylum Annelida – protostomes, coelomates, segmented worms, some parasitic or decomposers, brain like ganglia at the front, pumping vessels for blood flow, hermaphrodites, ex. leeches, earthworms
Why is coelom and segmentation important?
cushion and
specialization;
hydrostatic skeleton
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26. 4/23/2017

27. The last two lophophores
5/6 Ectoprocta: The Bryozoa, also known as Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals
6/6 brachiopods
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28. Ecdysozoans, secrete exoskeletons
1/2) Phylum Nematoda - roundworms, unsegmented, pseudocoelomates, live in soil, decomposers, periodically shed cuticle, sexual repro., ex. C. elegans
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29. 2/2) Phylum Arthropoda - segmented, jointed appendages, exoskeleton of chitin, developed N.S, different life cycles (metamorphosis- eggs, larvae, pupa, adult), open circulatory system, heart, more complex gas exchange, most in numbers, ex. insects, spiders, crustaceans
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30. Figure 33.32b
50 m
Figure Arachnids.
Dust mite

31. Pincer (defense) Mouthparts (feeding)
Figure 33.30
Cephalothorax
Abdomen
Thorax
Antennae
(sensory
reception)
Head
Swimming appen-
dages (one pair per
abdominal segment
Figure External anatomy of an arthropod.
Walking legs
Pincer
(defense)
Mouthparts
(feeding)

32. (a) Larva (caterpillar) (b) Pupa (c) Later-stage pupa (d) Emerging
Figure 33.37
(a) Larva (caterpillar)
(b) Pupa
(c) Later-stage
pupa
(d) Emerging
adult
Figure Complete metamorphosis of a butterfly.
(e) Adult

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34. Deuterostomes, “second mouth”
1/2) Phylum Chordata (non-invert, next chapter)
2/2) Phylum Echinodermata - radial, water vascular system, tube feet that aid in movement, feeding and gas exchange, marine, complete digestive track, ex. sea star, sea urchin
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35. Figure 33.42
Figure A brittle star (clade Ophiuroidea), sea urchin, and a feather star.

36. 4/23/2017

37. Invertebrate quick check…
Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata
Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?
Which group is the sponges?
Which are the flatworms?
…segmented worms?
…roundworms?
Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?
Which two groups have radial symmetry?
What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry?
Which group has no symmetry?
Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? Mollusks
Which group is the sponges? Porifera
Which are the flatworms? Platyhelminthes
…segmented worms? Annelids
…roundworms? Nematodes
Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? Arthropods
Which two groups have radial symmetry? Cnidaria, Echinoderm
What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? cephalization
Which group has no symmetry? Profiera

38. Phylum Chordata (ch 34)
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39. 2) Phylum Chordata – bilateral, coelomates with segmented bodies; includes 2 invertebrate groups → lancelets, tunicates (closest invertebrate to human) and then the vertebrates
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40. Common features
1) Notochord - dorsal flexible fluid filled rod, support, usually replaced by bone during development
2) Dorsal hollow nerve cord - basis for nervous system, brain/spine
3) Pharyngeal gill slits – can become gills for O2 exchange or filter feeding
4) Muscular tail – postanal, muscles/bones for movement
- also have neural crest (specialization cells), cephalization, vert. column and closed circulatory system
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41. 4/23/2017

42. Phylogeny – p699
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43. Vertebrates More complex nervous system
More elaborate skeleton (have bones that enclose the spinal cord)
Have the 4 common features at some point in development, may disappear
More efficient at
Capturing food
Avoiding being eaten
** p.704
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44. Class Petromyzontida – p.704, ex. lampreys
Class Myxini - jawless fishlike animals, no appendages, in water, p.703, ex. Hagfish
Class Petromyzontida – p.704, ex. lampreys
3) Class Chondrichthyes – jaws , cartilaginous fish, fins, gills, lay eggs (oviparous), or hatch in uterus (ovoviparous), (humans are viviparous – nourish in womb), p.706, ex. sharks, skates, rays
4) Class Osteichthyes - bony fish, most lay eggs, gills, swim bladder (air sac= buoyancy), ex. tuna, bass, trout, p.708 basic structure, ray-finned vs. lobe-finned
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45. Figure 34.9
Hagfishes
Slime glands
Figure 34.9 A hagfish. 45

46. Figure 34.10
Lampreys
Figure A sea lamprey. 46

47. Figure 34.11
Conodonts were the first vertebrates with mineralized skeletal elements
Dental elements (within head)
Figure A conodont. 47

48. Gill slits Cranium Mouth Skeletal rods Figure 34.13
Figure Hypothesis for the evolution of vertebrate jaws. 48

49. (Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives) Dorsal fins
Figure 34.15
Chondrichthyans
(Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives)
Dorsal fins
Pectoral fins
Pelvic fins
(a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)
(b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)
Figure Chondrichthyans.
(c) Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) 49

50. Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Figure 34.17
Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Red lionfish (Pterois volitans)
Common sea horse (Hippocampus ramulosus)
Figure Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii).
Fine-spotted moray eel (Gymnothorax dovii) 50

51. 5) Class Amphibia – “both ways of life” appendages to walk on land (tetrapods), aquatic larval stage then terrestrial adult, lay eggs (amniotic sac) or live birth, respire via lungs or skin, p.712, ex. frog, salamander
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52. Amniotes
6) Class Reptilia- terrestrial, scaly skin, lungs, lay amniotic eggs (protection) or live birth, exotherms (cold blooded), no feathers, p.715, ex. snake, lizard, turtle
7) Class Aves - feathers on smaller forewings, fly, lungs, endotherms (warm blooded), internal fertilization by lay eggs, air sacs, good vision, p.718, ex. birds 
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53. 8) Class Mammalia - have hair, endotherms, 4 chambered efficient heart, mammary glands, diaphragm, most give birth to young, differentiated teeth, p.720, major orders
Monotremes – lay eggs, ex. Platypus
Marsupials – pouched birth, ex. Some moles, kangaroo
Placentals (eutherians) – live birth, ex. Humans, dogs
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54. Figure 34.38
Monotremes
Figure Short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an Australian monotreme.
Monotremes are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus 54

55. Marsupials Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus
A marsupial is born very early in its development
It completes its embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

56. (a) A young brushtail possum
Figure 34.39
(a) A young brushtail possum
Figure Australian marsupials.
(b) Long-nosed bandicoot 56

57. Marsupial mammals
Eutherian mammals
Plantigale
Deer mouse
Marsupial mole
Mole
Figure Convergent evolution of marsupials and eutherians (placental mammals).
Sugar glider
Flying squirrel
Wombat
Woodchuck
Wolverine
Tasmanian devil
Figure Convergent evolution of marsupials and eutherians (placental mammals).
Patagonian cavy
Kangaroo 57

58. Figure 34.41 Exploring: Mammalian Diversity.
Figure 34.41b
Orders and Examples
Main Characteristics
Orders and Examples
Main Characteristics
Monotremata
Lay eggs; no nipples; young suck milk from fur of mother
Marsupialia
Completes embryonic development in pouch on mother’s body
Platypuses, echidnas
Kangaroos, opossums, koalas
Echidna
Koala
Proboscidea
Long, muscular trunk; thick, loose skin; upper incisors elongated as tusks
Tubulidentata
Teeth consisting of many thin tubes cemented together; eats ants and termites
Elephants
Aardvarks
African elephant
Aardvark
Sirenia
Aquatic; finlike fore- limbs and no hind limbs; herbivorous
Hyracoidea
Short legs; stumpy tail; herbivorous; complex, multi- chambered stomach
Manatees, dugongs
Hyraxes
Manatee
Rock hyrax
Xenarthra
Reduced teeth or no teeth; herbivorous (sloths) or carnivorous (anteaters, armadillos)
Rodentia
Chisel-like, continuously growing incisors worn down by gnawing; herbivorous
Sloths, anteaters, armadillos
Squirrels, beavers, rats, porcupines, mice
Tamandua
Red squirrel
Lagomorpha
Chisel-like incisors; hind legs longer than forelegs and adapted for running and jumping; herbivorous
Primates
Opposable thumbs; forward-facing eyes; well-developed cerebral cortex; omnivorous
Rabbits, hares, picas
Lemurs, monkeys, chimpanzees, gorillas,
humans
Golden lion tamarin
Jackrabbit
Figure Exploring: Mammalian Diversity.
Carnivora
Sharp, pointed canine teeth and molars for shearing; carnivorous
Perissodactyla
Hooves with an odd number of toes on each foot; herbivorous
Dogs, wolves, bears, cats, weasels, otters, seals, walruses
Horses, zebras, tapirs, rhinoceroses
Coyote
Indian rhinoceros
Cetartiodactyla
Hooves with an even number of toes on each foot; herbivorous
Chiroptera
Adapted for flight; broad skinfold that extends from elongated fingers to body and legs; carnivorous or herbivorous
Artiodactyls Sheep, pigs, cattle, deer, giraffes
Bats
Frog-eating bat
Bighorn sheep
Cetaceans
Aquatic; streamlined body;
paddle-like fore-limbs and
no hind limbs; thick layer
of insulating blubber; carnivorous
Eulipotyphla
Eat mainly insects and other small invertebrates
Whales, dolphins, porpoises
“Core insectivores”: some moles, some shrews
Pacific white- sided porpoise
Star-nosed mole 58

59. You share 1-4% of your genes with Neanderthals, if you are not of direct African descent.
Explain.
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60. Evolution of Humans
we are primates (order) and hominids
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61. Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies
Figure 34.43
Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies
ANCESTRAL PRIMATE
Tarsiers
New World monkeys
Old World monkeys
Anthropoids
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Figure A phylogenetic tree of primates.
Chimpanzees and bonobos
Humans 60 50 40 30 20 10
Time (millions of years ago) 61

62. Concept 34.8: Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion
The species Homo sapiens is about 200,000 years old, which is very young, considering that life has existed on Earth for at least 3.5 billion years
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

63. Derived Characters of Humans
A number of characters distinguish humans from other apes
Upright posture and bipedal locomotion
Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools
Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
Shorter digestive tract
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

64. The human and chimpanzee genomes are 99% identical
How can we be this close, yet so different?
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

65. 4/23/2017

66. Figure 34.UN10 Summary figure, Concepts 34.1–34.7
Clade
Description
Cephalochordata (lancelets)
Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that exhibit four key derived characters of chordates
Urochordata (tunicates)
Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the derived traits of chordates
Myxini (hagfishes and relatives)
Jawless marine organisms; have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and other sensory organs
Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail
Craniates: two sets of Hox genes, neural crest
Petromyzontida (lampreys)
Jawless vertebrates; typically feed by attaching to a live fish and ingesting its blood
Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes
Vertebrates: Dix genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae
Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes)
Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton, a derived trait formed by the reduction of an ancestral mineralized skeleton
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and maneuverable fins supported by rays
Actinistia (coelacanths)
Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving in Indian Ocean
Osteichthyans: bony skeleton
Dipnoi (lungfishes)
Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sister group of tetrapods
Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs
Amphibia (salamanders, frogs, caecilians)
Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults)
Figure 34.UN10 Summary figure, Concepts 34.1–34.7
Tetrapods: four limbs, neck, fused pelvic girdle
Amniotes: amniotic egg, rib cage ventilation
Reptilia (tuataras, lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds)
One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life on land
Mammalia (monotremes, marsupials, eutherians)
Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials (such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians (placental mammals, such as rodents, primates) 66

67. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
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68. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
What makes animals animals?
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69. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
What makes animals animals?
Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
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70. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
What makes animals animals?
Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage?
4/23/2017

71. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
What makes animals animals?
Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage?
Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes?
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72. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
What makes animals animals?
Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage?
Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes?
What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
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73. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
What makes animals animals?
Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage?
Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes?
What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not considered eumetazoans?
4/23/2017

74. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
What makes animals animals?
Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage?
Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes?
What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not considered eumetazoans?
Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________.
4/23/2017

75. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
What makes animals animals?
Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage?
Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes?
What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not considered eumetazoans?
Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________.
To what are ganglia precursors?
4/23/2017

76. Animal Intro Review Quiz
What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree?
What makes animals animals?
Describe the process of the creation of internal organs.
Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage?
Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes?
What is the basal clade of animal taxon?
Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not considered eumetazoans?
Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did not evolve from them.? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________.
To what are ganglia precursors?
Name any three defining traits of clades within the phylum Chordata.
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