3. Magnetic Pulsed Valve

4. 1.The valve opens and shuts Rotating Disk He Pulsed Valve Lens to focus the laser beam

5. 1.The valve opens and shuts 2.A helium pulse passes along the tube Rotating Disk He Pulsed Valve Lens to focus the laser beam

6. 1.The valve opens and shuts 2.A helium pulse passes along the tube 3.The laser fires to produce a plasma of atoms (ca 10 000 o ) Rotating Disk He Pulsed Valve Lens to focus the laser beam

7. 1.The valve opens and shuts 2.A helium pulse passes along the tube 3.The laser fires to produce a plasma of atoms (ca 10 000 o ) 4.The atoms cluster as they cool 5.and are swept into the vacuum chamber Rotating Disk He Pulsed Valve Lens to focus the laser beam

8. Plasma beam expanding into the first vacuum chamber disk Skimmer hole into TOF-MS Time of Flight mass spectrometer

9. The very sharp edged skimmer skims the expanding pulse into a very narrow beam Supersonic Expansion into the vacuum chamber cools the clusters to very low temperatures

10. Skimmer action more slowly

12. Time of flight mass spectrometer TOF-MS Detector -ve grid

13. Time of flight mass spectrometer TOF-MS 1.The pulse arrives at the bottom of the flight tube Detector -ve grid

14. Time of flight mass spectrometer TOF-MS 1.The pulse arrives at the bottom of the flight tube 2.A laser fires 3.Ionises the molecules or clusters Detector -ve grid

15. Time of flight mass spectrometer TOF-MS 1.The pulse arrives at the bottom of the flight tube 2.A laser fires 3.Ionises the molecules or clusters 4.The ions are accelerated up the flight tube by the negatively charged grid Detector -ve grid

16. Time of flight mass spectrometer TOF-MS 1.The pulse arrives at the bottom of the flight tube 2.A laser fires 3.Ionises the molecules or clusters 4.The ions are accelerated up the flight tube by the negatively charged grid 5.Light guys fly fast Detector -ve grid

17. Detector -ve grid Time of flight mass spectrometer TOF-MS 1.The pulse arrives at the bottom of the flight tube 2.A laser fires 3.Ionises the molecules or clusters 4.The ions are accelerated up the flight tube by the negatively charged grid 5.Light guys fly fast 6.Heavy guys fly slowly

18. Time of flight mass spectrometer TOF-MS 1.The pulse arrives at the bottom of the flight tube 2.A laser fires 3.Ionises the molecules or clusters 4.The ions are accelerated up the flight tube by the negatively charged grid 5.Light guys fly fast 6.Heavy guys fly slowly Detector -ve grid

19. Pulsed Laser TOF-MS Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer

20. Pulsed Laser TOF-MS Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer

21. The pulses pass across the chamber at about 10 Hz …and the signal integrated perhaps 100 to a1000 or more times The University of Sussex machine

23. Pulsed Laser TOF-MS Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer

25. Pulsed Laser TOF-MS Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer

26. Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, and Sir Harold Kroto and their team used the AP2 to discover C60, or buckminsterfullerene. The skimmer captured the C60 from the molecular stream. In 1996 they won the Nobel Prize for this work. Gift of Richard E. Smalley. Photo by Gregory Tobias. From the collections at the Chemical Heritage Foundation. CHF is a non-profit library, museum, and center for scholars that's dedicated to the history of chemistry. To learn more, visit www.chemheritage.org. www.chemheritage.org

27. image at: www.ct.infn.it/.../equipment/equipmentframe.htmlwww.ct.infn.it/.../equipment/equipmentframe.html

29. A high-pressure gas is expanded through a small hole into vacuum. The velocity distribution of room-temperature ammonia molecules in the container and in the supersonic beam. By using a noble gas as a carrier, the velocity distribution is further narrowed. The terminal velocity of the ammonia molecules will then be the same as that of the carrier gas. image at: www.nature.com/.../v4/n8/box/nphys1031_BX1.htmlwww.nature.com/.../v4/n8/box/nphys1031_BX1.html

30. Box 1. Molecular beams From the following article Taming molecular beams Sebastiaan Y. T. van de Meerakker, Hendrick L. Bethlem & Gerard Meijer Nature Physics 4, 595 - 602 (2008) doi:10.1038/nphys1031 BACK TO ARTICLEBACK TO ARTICLE A molecular beam is formed by letting a gas pass from a high-pressure container through a small orifice into an evacuated chamber, that is, by a controlled leak, as schematically shown in Fig. B1. If the hole is much smaller than the mean free path of the gas, molecules will every now and then escape from the container through the hole without undergoing collisions. In this case, the velocity distribution as well as the distribution over the internal degrees of freedom of the molecules (rotation, vibration) in the beam is the same as that in the container. These beams are said to be effusive. Although the most probable velocity of molecules in an effusive beam originating from a room-temperature container is a few hundred metres per second, a small fraction of the molecules will have velocities below 30 m s-1. Using either curved electrostatic guides79, 80, 81, 82 or a mechanical selector—a series of rotating blades83—these slow molecules can be filtered out of the effusive beam and used for experiments84. Higher fluxes of slow and internally colder molecules can be obtained when the effusive beam is extracted from a cryogenic container85, 86.79, 80, 81, 82838485, 86 If the pressure in the container is raised or if the size of the hole is increased, the mean free path of the gas becomes smaller than the orifice. In this case, molecules escaping through the hole collide frequently, and adiabatic cooling of all degrees of freedom takes place in the expansion region. The total energy available per molecule in the gas in the container is converted into kinetic energy (directed flow), leading to supersonic beams of internally cold molecules87. The terminal temperature in the beam is limited by the formation of clusters, which is reduced when the molecule of interest is expanded in a dilute mixture with a noble gas. When these beams are operated in a pulsed mode, pumping requirements are less severe and millimetre- sized orifices can be used. In these pulsed beams, densities of 1013 molecules cm-3 at translational temperatures below 1 K can be obtained. The rotational temperature in the beam is normally close to the translational temperature, whereas the vibrational degrees of freedom are known to cool considerably less well. The velocity of the beam is dictated by the mass of the carrier gas and by the temperature and pressure of the source88. Molecules seeded in a room-temperature Kr (Xe) expansion move at a terminal velocity of about 440 m s-1 (330 m s-1). These seeded pulsed beams are ideal starting points for Stark, Zeeman and optical deceleration experiments.8788 Rather than grabbing with fields onto the molecules, other techniques to produce slow molecular beams have been developed. In a crossed or counterpropagating beam set-up, the kinetic energy transfer in collisions89 or reactions90 between molecules can be exploited to produce slow or stationary molecules. Molecules can also be slowed and loaded into a magnetic trap by introducing a molecular beam into a cryogenic buffer gas91. Mechanical methods, originally pioneered by Moon and co- workers in the 1970s to accelerate a molecular beam92, have been developed as well. For instance, the laboratory velocity of a molecular beam can be lowered by a nozzle that is mounted on a back-spinning rotor93, 94 or by elastic reflection from a receding substrate95.8990919293, 9495 Figure B1 Schematic view of a supersonic expansion. A high-pressure gas is expanded through a small hole into vacuum. Lower panel: The velocity distribution of room-temperature ammonia molecules in the container and in the supersonic beam. By using a noble gas as a carrier, the velocity distribution is further narrowed. The terminal velocity of the ammonia molecules will then be the same as that of the carrier gas. image at: www.nature.com/.../v4/n8/box/nphys1031_BX1.htmlwww.nature.com/.../v4/n8/box/nphys1031_BX1.html

34. SiC target

38. Graphite Target Should produce long carbon chains oooooo ooooooo oooooo ooooooo

39. Try to reproduce the stellar plasma in the laboratory Plasma in lab Exploding Star

40. 1.The valve opens and shuts 2.A helium pulse passes along the tube 3.The laser fires to produce a plasma of atoms (ca 10 000 o ) 4.The atoms cluster as they cool 5.and are swept into the vacuum chamber