1. Food Resources G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 13 G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13 th Edition Chapter 13

2. NCSU Ag. Institute Club T-Shirt

3. How Is Food Produced? Sources of food provided by:Sources of food provided by: – cropland (76%) – rangeland (17%) – ocean fisheries (7%) Primary plants producedPrimary plants produced – wheat, corn, rice Primary animals consumedPrimary animals consumed – beef, pork, chicken

4. DID YOU KNOW … THREE annual grains (wheat, rice, corn) provide more than half the calories people consume. 2/3 of the worlds pop survives on grains as they cannot afford meat.

5. DID YOU KNOW … Food productivity has increased due to technological advances BUT env problems (irrigation, overgrazing, overfishing, pollution, degradation) may limit future production.

6. DID YOU KNOW … Dependence on foreign food makes us vulnerable. Livestock consume over half of grains grown in developing countries.

7. Carnivores

9. Major Types of Food Production Monoculture vs. Polyculture – one crop vs. diversified many crops

10. Major Types of Agriculture Industrialized (high input)Industrialized (high input) –uses large quantities of fossil fuel energy, capital $$, water, machinery, irrigation, commercial fertilizer, and pesticides –produces huge quantities of single crops or livestock (monoculture) –results in high yield crops and increased revenue temporarily –results in soil degradation and potential pesticide resistance PlantationPlantation –growing cash crops on large monoculture plantations –Mostly for sale in developed countries.

11. Major Types of Agriculture Livestock Production – densely populated feedlots fed grain for plumping before slaughter (CAFO)

12. Major Types of Agriculture Traditional AgricultureTraditional Agriculture –Traditional subsistence uses human labor and draft animalsuses human labor and draft animals produce only enough food for a family’s survival.produce only enough food for a family’s survival. –Traditional intensive increased human and draft labor, fertilizer, and waterincreased human and draft labor, fertilizer, and water higher yields producing enough food for their family and to sell for income.higher yields producing enough food for their family and to sell for income.

13. Subsistence Examples Nomadic Herding – support livestock on arid infertile soil Shifting Cultivation – short cultivation periods followed by long periods of fallow allowing land to revert back to forest Slash and Burn – clearing tropical rain forest, quickly depletes soil nutrients

15. Various Growing Techniques interplanting – many different crops on same plot –polyvarietal cultivation – varieties of same crop on same plot –intercropping – using two or more crops close together, discourages pest buildup (tall vs. short, deep root vs. shallow root) –alley cropping – planting trees/shrubs and crops together in rows –polyculture – differing the maturity rates & harvest time of various crops –http://www.hippocampus.org/Earth%20Science;jsessionid=340D0A82A4EBF826FC EDB7D9051F16FA

16. Industrialized agriculture in developed countries Intensive traditional agriculture in developing countries Land Labor Capital Fossil fuel energy Land Labor Capital Fossil fuel energy

17. Industrialized agriculture Shifting cultivation Plantation agriculture Nomadic herding Intensive traditional agriculture No agriculture World Food Production

18. Challenge to Farmers: Produce More Food! 1.Farm more land 2.Produce higher yields per unit area

19. What about the Green Revolution? Refers to dramatically increased agricultural productivity resulting from the introduction of new, high-yielding strains of grain (rice, wheat, and maize) Ongoing since 1950s

20. Producing Food by Green-Revolution Techniques High-input monoculture High-input monoculture Scientifically bred or genetically- engineered crops Scientifically bred or genetically- engineered crops High inputs of fertilizer High inputs of fertilizer Extensive use of pesticides Extensive use of pesticides High inputs of water High inputs of water Increased intensity and frequency of cropping (multiple cropping) Increased intensity and frequency of cropping (multiple cropping)

21. Green Revolutions First green revolution (developed countries) First green revolution (developed countries) Second green revolution (developing countries) Second green revolution (developing countries) Major International agricultural research centers and seed banks Major International agricultural research centers and seed banks 1950- 1970 1967- today

22. Producing Food by Traditional Techniques (Low input agrodiversity) Interplanting - simultaneously growing a variety of crops on the same plot 1)Polyvarietal cultivation –Planting several varieties of the same crop in a plot 2)Intercropping –Two or more different crops are grown at the same time on a plot

23. Producing Food by Traditional Techniques (Low input agrodiversity) 3)Agroforestry (alley cropping) –Crops and trees are planted together 4)Polyculture –Different plants maturing at various times are planted together Less fertilizerLess fertilizer Protection from wind and water erosionProtection from wind and water erosion Little or no insecticidesLittle or no insecticides Insurance against bad weatherInsurance against bad weather

24. Food Production – Good News Total World Grain Production 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Grain production (millions of tons) 1950196019701980199020002010 Year Production is increasing!!

25. Food Production – bad news World Grain Production per Capita 400 350 300 250 150 Per capita grain production (kilograms per person) 1950196019701980199020002010 200 Year Population growth outstripped production

26. Did you know …. 1 in 6 people in developing countries are undernourished or malnourished 1 in 7 adults in developed countries suffer from overnutrition/obesity 61% of Americans are overweight 27% of Americans are obese

29. Human Nutrition MacronutrientsMacronutrients –Protein, carbohydrates, and fats MicronutrientsMicronutrients –Vitamins A, C, and E –Minerals (iron, iodine, and calcium) Undernutrition – consuming insufficient food to meet one’s minimum daily energy needs, Undernutrition – consuming insufficient food to meet one’s minimum daily energy needs, suffer from stunted growth and development, more susceptible to disease

30. Nutrition Malnutrition – faulty nutrition, caused by a diet that does not have enough protein, essential fats, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients needed for good health. MarasmusMarasmus –Diet low in both calories and protein KwashiorkorKwashiorkor –Severe protein deficiency

31. Marasmus – “wasting disease”

32. Kwashiorkor “displaced child”

33. What’s the Deal? Enough food is produced to meet the basic nutritional needs of every human on the planet. However, it is NOT DISTRIBUTED EQUALLY due to differences in soil climate political power economic power average per capita income (POVERTY) POVERTY is the problem, not the common misconception that the globe is not producing enough food!

34. PovertyMalnutrition Decreased resistance to disease High death rate for children Decreased energy Decreased ability to learn Decreased ability to work Shortened life expectancy Feedback loop

35. Environmental Effects of Food Production  Biodiversity loss  Soil  Air pollution  Water  Human health

36. Biodiversity Loss Loss and degradation of habitat from clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetland Fish kills from pesticide runoff Killing of wild predators to protect livestock Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop strains with a few monoculture strains Soil Erosion Loss of fertility Salinization Waterlogging Desertification

37. Air Pollution Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil Fuel issue Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use Pollution from pesticide sprays Water Aquifer depletion Increased runoff and flooding from land cleared to grow crops Sediment pollution from erosion Fish kills from pesticide runoff Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides and fertilizers Overfertilization of lakes and slow-moving rivers from runoff of nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes

38. Human Health Nitrates in drinking water Pesticide residues in drinking water, food, and air Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes Bacterial contamination of meat

40. Increasing World Crop Production Crossbreeding and artificial selectionCrossbreeding and artificial selection Genetic engineering (gene splicing)Genetic engineering (gene splicing) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Continued Green Revolution techniquesContinued Green Revolution techniques Introducing new foodsIntroducing new foods Working more landWorking more land

41. Crop Cross breeding Desired trait (color) ApplePear Offspring Cross breeding breeding Best results New offspring Desired result Traditional Crossbreeding 1)Slow process 2)Can combine traits only from closely related species

42. Phase 1 Make Modified Gene Identify and extract gene with desired trait Identify and remove portion of DNA with desired trait Remove plasmid from DNA of E. coli Insert extracted DNA (step 2) into plasmid (step3) Insert modified plasmid into E. coli Grow in tissue culture to make copies cell gene DNA Plasmid E. coli DNA Genetically modified plasmid

43. Phase 2 Make Transgenic Cell Transfer plasmid copies to a carrier agrobacterium Agrobacterium inserts foreign DNA into plant cell to yield transgenic cell Transfer plasmid to surface microscopic metal particle Use gene gun to inject DNA into plant cell A. tumefaciens (agrobacterium) Plant cell Nucleus Host DNA Foreign DNA

44. Phase 3 Grow Genetically Engineered Plant Transgenic cell from Phase 2 Cell division of transgenic cells Culture cells to form plantlets Transgenic plants with new traits 1)Half the time as conventional crossbreeding 2)Cuts costs 3)Allows insertion of genes from almost any other organism

45. Increasing World Crop Production Continued Green Revolution techniques?Continued Green Revolution techniques? –Without fertilizer, water, and pesticides green revolution varieties are no more productive than traditional varieties –Green revolution varieties and their needed inputs cost too much for subsistence farming. –Grain yields are increasing at a much slower pace.

46. Increasing World Crop Production Continued Green Revolution techniques?Continued Green Revolution techniques? –Actual gains from green and gene revolutions may be overstated. –Crop yield may start dropping for a number of environmental reasons. –Increased loss of biodiversity can limit genetic raw material.

47. Increasing World Crop Production Introducing new foodsIntroducing new foods –Getting farmers to take risk of growing new types of food. –Getting consumers to try new foods.

48. Increasing World Crop Production Working more landWorking more land Not usable Arid land 6% Tropical forest 8% Cultivated 10% Grazed 11% Forests, arid lands 14% 51% Ice, snow, deserts mountains “Many analysts believe that significant expansion of cropland is unlikely over the next few decades.”

49. How about producing more meat… Rangeland is land that is… –too dry –too steeply sloped –too infertile … to grow crops (40% of ice-free land area) Pastures –managed grasslands or enclosed meadows

50. How is meat produced? Open grazingOpen grazing –80% of cattle, sheep and goats are raised on rangeland Kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight Beef cattle 7 7 Pigs 4 4 Chicken 2.2 Fish (catfish or carp) Fish (catfish or carp) 2 2 FeedlotsFeedlots –Account for 40% of the world’s meat production

51. Producing more meat Condition of the world’s rangelandsCondition of the world’s rangelands –DECLINING! Environmental consequences of meat productionEnvironmental consequences of meat production –See Connections page 299 –Read Spotlight page 300

52. Catching and Raising More Fish Fisheries – concentrations of aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given body of waterFisheries – concentrations of aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given body of water 55% of annual commercial catch comes from the ocean.55% of annual commercial catch comes from the ocean. 33% from aquaculture.33% from aquaculture. 12 % from inland freshwater fishing.12 % from inland freshwater fishing.

53. sonar trawl lines float Spotter airplane Fish farming in cage Trawler fishing Purse-seine fishing trawl flap trawl bag Long line fishing lines with hooks Drift-net fishing Fish caught by gills buoy fish school Commercial Fishing Methods

54. Potential to harvest more fish 1950-19821950-1982 +Fish catch increased 5-fold +Per capita seafood catch doubled Since 1982Since 1982 –Little increase in commercial fish catch –Per capita commercial fish catch falling

55. Potential to harvest more fish The primary cause of depletion of fish stocks is too many fishing boats pursuing too few fish or OVERFISHING (Tragedy of the Commons) Habitat destructionHabitat destruction Global warmingGlobal warming

56. Aquaculture Fish farmingFish farming –Cultivating fish in a controlled environment. –Harvesting them when they reach the desired size. –Catfish are the leading aquaculture product in the US

57. Aquaculture ProblemsProblems –Raises demand for ocean fish as fish meal to feed aquaculture species –Creating vast amounts of animal waste in coastal areas –Farming of carnivorous fish increases over-fishing of smaller marine species.

58. Future Increasing wild catch and aquaculture will not increase world food supplies significantly.Increasing wild catch and aquaculture will not increase world food supplies significantly. Fish and shellfish supply only 1% of the energy and 6% of the protein in the human diet.Fish and shellfish supply only 1% of the energy and 6% of the protein in the human diet.

59. Government Agricultural Policy Financially risky businessFinancially risky business Forms of assistance.Forms of assistance. –Keep food prices artificially low. –Give farmers subsides to keep them in business and encourage them to increase food production. –Eliminate price controls and subsides and let farmers and fishers respond to market demand without government control. Increase aid for the poorIncrease aid for the poor

60. Future limitations to increased food production Lack of water for irrigationLack of water for irrigation Reduced genetic diversityReduced genetic diversity Leveling off of yieldsLeveling off of yields Environmental effects which degrade existing croplandEnvironmental effects which degrade existing cropland

61. Solutions: Sustainable Agriculture 1)Slowing population growth 2)Reducing poverty 3)Phasing in systems of sustainable agriculture (also called organic farming)

62. ‘Organic’ foods Plants Produced without synthetic pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides Cannot include genetically engineered foods or be irradiated Cannot be grown on soils fertilized with sewage sludge Animals Produced from 100% organically grown feed. Given access to outdoor range or pasture Produced without use of hormones and antibiotics Animals Produced from 100% organically grown feed. Given access to outdoor range or pasture Produced without use of hormones and antibiotics

63. Principles of Sustainability Most ecosystems use renewable solar energy as the primary source of energy.Most ecosystems use renewable solar energy as the primary source of energy. Ecosystems replenish nutrients and dispose of wastes by recycling chemicals.Ecosystems replenish nutrients and dispose of wastes by recycling chemicals.

64. Principles of Sustainability Biodiversity helps maintain the sustainability of ecological functioning of ecosystems and serves as a source of adaptation to changing environmental conditions.Biodiversity helps maintain the sustainability of ecological functioning of ecosystems and serves as a source of adaptation to changing environmental conditions. In nature there are always limits to population growth and resource consumption.In nature there are always limits to population growth and resource consumption.