1. Virus Notes

2. Basic Definition Viruses Viruses: Submicroscopic, parasitic, acellular entity composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat. – Below the resolution of a microscope – Relies on a host – Does not have the properties of cellular life – Viruses are measured in nanometers 0.000000001m or 10 -9 Submicroscopic parasitic acellular

3. Comparing the size of a virus, a bacterium, and an animal cell 0.25  m Virus Animal cell Bacterium Animal cell nucleus

4. Viral Shapes and structure Although viruses can have several shapes, all have at least two parts: – An outer capsid made of proteins. – Genetic material (DNA or RNA – never both) 18  250 mm 70–90 nm (diameter) 80–200 nm (diameter) 80  225 nm 20 nm50 nm (a) Tobacco mosaic virus(b) Adenoviruses(c) Influenza viruses (d) Bacteriophage T4 RNA Capsomere of capsid DNA Capsomere Glycoprotein Membranous envelope Capsid DNA Head Tail fiber Tail sheath

5. What is a bacteriophage? A virus that invades bacteria. It consists of a DNA core and a protein coat DNA Protein coat T4 bacteriophages infecting an E. coli cell

6. Why aren’t viruses considered alive? Viruses are acellular (not cells) Viruses have no organelles to take in nutrients or use energy. Viruses cannot make proteins. Viruses cannot move. Viruses cannot replicate on their own.

7. Virus Reproduction Viruses reproduce by infecting other cells. Two types of viral infections: 1. Lytic Infection 2. Lysogenic Infection

8. What are the steps of a lytic infection? Step 1: Attachment of virus to host cell Step 2: Injection of viral DNA into cell Step 3: Replication of viral DNA and Synthesis of Protein Capsule using cellular “machinery” – cellular enzymes, ribosomes, etc. Step 4: Assembly of new viruses inside host cell Step 5: New viruses “lyse” the host cell and are released for further infection

9. Characteristics of Lytic Infections 1.Fast acting 2.Symptoms emerge within 24 – 48 hours 3.Examples – influenza, west-nile

10. The Lysogenic Infection Step 1: Virus attaches and inserts its DNA inside host Step 2: Viral DNA attaches to the host DNA (prophage DNA) Step 3: The viral DNA lies “dormant” and the viral DNA replicates each time the cell divides Step 4: Stress or other “factors” causes the infection to progress to the “lytic” phase

11. Characteristics of Lysogenic Infections 1.Slow Acting - Viral DNA can lie “dormant” for many years, hidden within prophage DNA 2.The host are “symptom-free” during dormancy 3.Infection is fast acting when the infection progresses to the lytic phase 4. Example: HIV

12. What is a retrovirus? A retrovirus is a virus with RNA rather than DNA for its genetic material. These viruses carry an enzyme to create DNA from their RNA called reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA then integrates into a chromosome. (Just kidding… here’s a real retrovirus!)