1. RAPID-Cache – A Reliable and Inexpensive Write Cache for Disk I/O Systems Yiming Hu Qing Yang Tycho Nightingale

2. Contents Introduction Architecture and Operations Simulation Simulation Results Reliability Analysis Conclusion Questions

3. Introduction Modern Disk I/O systems make extensive use of non volatile RAM write cache Advantages - Response Time is reduced - Improves System Throughput Disadvantages - Poor reliability and High cost

4. Introduction(contd..) Standard Dual-Copy write cache has a symmetric structure A new disk cache architecture – RAPID-Cache Primary Cache and Backup Cache Backup cache can achieve same write speed as primary cache Reliability is high and system is inexpensive

5. Architecture Primary RAM cache Backup Cache - Small Non volatile RAM - Cache Disk I/O write operations sent to both primary and backup cache Read operations are performed using primary cache only

6. Architecture – Backup Cache LRU cache – frequently accessed data Cache disk – less frequently accessed data - Data in the form of segments - Segments contain slots - Each slot can hold one data block Data blocks - Segment and Slot IDs

7. Backup Cache(contd..) Data Blocks in LRU cache are addressed by their Logical Block Addresses Hash Table contains location information for each of the valid data blocks Total number of valid data blocks is same as in primary cache Cache Disk – Physical or Logical Disk

8. Physical Cache-Disk

9. Logical Cache-Disk

10. Operations Write Read Destage Garbage Collection Error Handling and Availability

11. Write Controller invalidates any data copy in read cache Data sent to primary and LRU cache If space is available, then data is copied to both caches Hash entry created in Backup Cache Acknowledgement sent to host

12. Write(contd..) If there is no space in the primary cache, then - Controller first tries to discard a clean block If no clean block is found,then - Controller chooses the LRU data block and writes it to RAID Space in primary cache is freed for incoming request Copy of replaced data in secondary cache is invalidated

13. Write(contd..) If LRU cache in the backup cache is full,then - Controller picks empty segment buffer and sets it as current segment buffer LRU data block copied to the segment buffer Cache space used by LRU data block is safely freed to accept the incoming request Following write requests evict LRU data blocks until segment buffer is full

14. Write(contd..) Controller then writes contents of segment buffer into the cache-disk segment in one large write Controller switches to another empty segment buffer and continues operation Small NVRAM cache and large cache-disk appear as a large NVRAM write cache

15. Read When a read request comes, - Read cache and Primary write cache are searched If a cache hit occurs, - Data returned immediately If a cache miss occurs, - LRU block in read cache is discarded and its buffer space is freed

16. Read(contd..) Requested data read from RAID system into freed LRU block and then returned Backup cache is not involved in read operations

17. Destage Destaging is the process of writing dirty data in the write cache into the RAID system and this normally happens in the background RAID system with RAPID-Cache requires destaging

18. Destage(contd..) Destaging threads are initiated when, - Controller detects an idle period - When number of dirty blocks in the primary cache exceeds 70% of the cache capacity Threads find a dirty LRU block in the primary cache

19. Destage(contd..) Dirty block in the primary cache is marked “clean” Same data block in the backup cache is invalidated Invalidation involves, - Releasing LRU buffer - Marking segment slot as “invalid” - Deleting hash entry from the hash table

20. Destage(contd..) Threads continue until idle period is over or dirty blocks in primary cache falls below 30% of the cache capacity Backup cache data is never read or written Slow speed of cache disk will not affect destaging process

21. Garbage Collection Segments in cache-disk may become fragmented No need to read data from cache-disk Controller searches Disk Segment table It copies corresponding data from primary cache to a segment buffer in the RAM Finally controller writes whole contents of segment buffer to a new disk segment

22. Error Handling Excellent reliability because of data redundancy During power failure period, data cached in the cache disk is much safer than in NVRAM RAPID-Cache system has excellent availability If one cache partition of a logical cache-disk crashes, whole system can operate continuously If NVRAM of backup cache fails, a small portion of the primary cache can be borrowed

23. Simulation RAPID-Cache simulator is built on top of a general cached-RAID5 simulator Disk simulator provides detail simulation, including SCSI bus contention, built in cache read-ahead and write behind It is assumed that RAID controller has a high-speed 80 MB/sec fibre channel bus connected to the host and it can handle up to 32 pending requests Cache block size is 8 KB

24. Simulation(contd..) Purpose of the simulation is to show that RAPID-Cache can deliver same performance as very expensive NVRAM caches under various workloads Two sets of trace files were used - Real-word traces - Synthetic traces

25. Simulation Results

26. Simulation Results(contd..)

28. Reliability Analysis Reliability of the cache systems is analyzed based on exponentially distributed failures and repairs MTTF NVRAM and MTTF disk – Mean Time To Failure Rate S PrimeC and S bkupRAM – Size of primary cache and NVRAM in the backup cache respectively(in terms of memory modules)

29. NVRAM Primary Cache

30. DRAM Primary Cache

31. Conclusion RAPID-Cache consists of an asymmetrical parallel architecture that has a fast-write-fast-read primary cache and a fast-write-slow-read backup cache It is possible to configure RAPID-Cache to optimize reliability and system cost Low cost feature of RAPID-Cache makes it possible to use a very large primary cache to achieve very high performance

32. Questions Explain the structure of Backup Cache in the RAPID-Cache system. How is a write request handled in RAPID- Cache? Analyze the reliability of NVRAM Primary Cache.(What is MTTDL of NVRAM Primary Cache?)