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Nonmetallic Elements Properties of Nonmetals Hydrogen Boron Carbon
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Nonmetallic Elements (continued)
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Oxygen Sulfur Halogens ] Www/boundless.com/chemistry?campaign_content=book_187_chapter_21&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Properties of Nonmetals
Nonmetallic Elements > Properties of Nonmetals Properties of Nonmetals Atomic Size Types of Bonds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Properties of Nonmetals
Atomic Size Atomic radii vary predictably across the periodic table. For instance, the radii generally decrease along each period (row) of the table from left to right and increase down each group (column). As the atomic number increases along each row of the periodic table, the additional electrons go into the same outermost shell, causing the atomic radius to decrease due to the increasing nuclear charge. When moving down a group of the periodic table, the atomic radius increases because of the presence of additional principal energy levels, which are further away from the nucleus. Atomic Sizes (Radii) View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Properties of Nonmetals
Types of Bonds Nonmetals can form different types of bonds depending on their partner atoms. Ionic bonds form when a nonmetal and a metal exchange electrons, while covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between two nonmetals. An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed between a cation, which is usually a metal, and an anion, which is usually a nonmetal. Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Nonmetals will readily form covalent bonds with other nonmetals in order to obtain stability. They can form anywhere between one to three covalent bonds with other nonmetals depending on how many valence electrons they possess. Formation of Sodium Flouride View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Hydrogen Properties of Hydrogen Binary Hydrides Isotopes of Hydrogen
Nonmetallic Elements > Hydrogen Hydrogen Properties of Hydrogen Binary Hydrides Isotopes of Hydrogen Hydrogenation The Hydrogen Economy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Properties of Hydrogen
Nonmetallic Elements > Hydrogen Properties of Hydrogen Hydrogen is the lightest element and will explode at concentrations ranging from percent by volume in the presence of sunlight, a flame, or a spark. Despite its stability, hydrogen forms many bonds and is present in many different compounds. Three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen exist: protium, deuterium, and tritium, each with different properties due to the difference in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. The Hydrogen Atom View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Hydrogen
Binary Hydrides Binary hydrides are a class of compounds that consist of an element bonded to hydrogen, in which hydrogen acts as the more electronegative species. Free hydride anions exist only under extreme conditions. Instead, most hydride compounds have hydrogen centers with a hydridic character. Hydrides can be classified as ionic, covalent or interstitial, each of which possess different properties. Lithium Hydride, LiH View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Isotopes of Hydrogen Protium is the most prevalent hydrogen isotope, with an abundance of 99.98%. It consists of one proton and one electron. It is typically not found in its monoatomic form, but bonded with itself (H2) or other elements. Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope consisting of one proton, one neutron and one electron. It has major applications in nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Tritium is a hydrogen isotope consisting of one proton, two neutrons and one electron. It is radioactive, with a half-life of years. Protium View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Hydrogenation Hydrogenation reactions typically have three components: hydrogen, the substrate, and catalysts, which are usually required to facilitate the reaction at lower temperatures and pressures. There are two classes of catalysts with different mechanisms of hydrogenation: heterogeneous and homogenous. Hydrogenation reactions are not limited to the conversion of alkenes to alkanes, but span a variety of reactions where substrates can effectively be reduced. Incomplete hydrogenation reactions have significant health implications and have been correlated with circulatory diseases. Hydrogenation View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The Hydrogen Economy The current hydrocarbon economy is becoming impractical because of increasing demand and diminishing resources. The hydrogen economy could act as a replacement because of its higher energy density and its smaller negative impact on the environment. The hydrogen economy is limited because it is difficult to transport and store hydrogen. In addition, the dangers associated with hydrogen limit its practical application. Hydrogen can be generated via several processes, but is predominately accomplished by steam reforming fossil fuels. This process requires a large input of energy and releases carbon dioxide. The Hydrogen Economy View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Boron Elemental Boron Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds
Nonmetallic Elements > Boron Boron Elemental Boron Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds Borates: Boron-Oxygen Compounds Boranes: Boron-Hydrogen Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Boron
Elemental Boron Chemically uncombined boron, which is classified as a metalloid, is not found naturally on Earth. Elemental boron is used as a dopant in the semiconductor industry. Natural boron is composed of two stable isotopes, one of which (boron-10) has a number of uses as a neutron-capturing agent. Elemental boron is rare and poorly studied because the material is extremely difficult to prepare. Chemically, boron behaves more similarly to silicon than to aluminium. Boron View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds
Nonmetallic Elements > Boron Trihalides: Boron-Halogen Compounds The halides react with water to form boric acid. All three lighter boron trihalides (BF3, BCl3, and BBr3) form stable adducts with common Lewis bases. Boron trifluoride View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The sequence for the Lewis acidity is BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3,where BBr3 is the strongest Lewis acid. This trend is commonly attributed to the degree of [Equation 1] -bonding in the planar boron trihalid that would be lost upon pyramidization of the the BX3 molecule. Equation 1 View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Boron tribromide (BBr3) is a colorless, fuming liquid that is an excellent demethylating or dealkylating agent. Boron trichloride (BCl3) is a colorless, dangerously reactive gas that is a valuable reagent in organic synthesis. Boron trifluoride (BF3) is a pungent, colorless, corrosive, toxic gas that forms white fumes in moist air. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Borates: Boron-Oxygen Compounds
Nonmetallic Elements > Boron Borates: Boron-Oxygen Compounds The simplest borate anion, BO33-, has a trigonal planar structure and is analogous to the carbonate anion CO32-, with which it is isoelectronic. Larger borates are composed of trigonal planar BO3 or tetrahedral BO4 structural units, joined together via shared oxygen atoms and may be cyclic or linear in structure. Boron trioxide is one of the oxides of boron; it is a white, glassy solid with the formula B2O3. Glassy boron oxide is thought to be composed of boroxol rings, which are six-membered rings of alternating 3-coordinate boron and 2-coordinate oxygen. Due to the short bond lengths and strongly covalent character, boron suboxide ( B6O) displays a range of outstanding physical and chemical properties such as great hardness, low mass density, high thermal conductivity, high chemical inertness, and excellent wear resistance. Tetraborate View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Boranes: Boron-Hydrogen Compounds
Nonmetallic Elements > Boron Boranes: Boron-Hydrogen Compounds Common reactions with boranes are: electrophilic substitution, nucleophilic substitution by Lewis bases, deprotonation by strong bases, cluster building reactions with borohydrides, and reaction of a nido-borane with an alkyne to give a carborane cluster. The parent member BH3 is called borane, is found only in the gaseous state, and dimerizes to form diborane, B2H6. The most important boranes are diborane B2H6, pentaborane B5H9, and decaborane B10H14. Boranes are all colourless and diamagnetic. They are reactive compounds and some are pyrophoric. Borane View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Carbon Properties of Carbon Carbides Carbon Oxides and Carbonates
Nonmetallic Elements > Carbon Carbon Properties of Carbon Carbides Carbon Oxides and Carbonates Allotropes of Carbon Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Carbon
Properties of Carbon Carbon has several allotropes, or different forms in which it can exist. These allotropes include graphite and diamond, which have very different properties. Despite carbon's ability to make 4 bonds and its presence in many compounds, it is highly unreactive under normal conditions. Carbon exists in 3 main isotopes: 12C, 13C, 14C. 14C is radioactive and used in dating carbon-containing samples (radiometric dating). Allotropes of Carbon View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Carbides Carbides are generally formed at high temperatures (> 1500 °C). Carbides are generally quite stable and exhibit high melting points. Carbides can be classified as salt-like, interstitial, and covalent. Titanium Carbide View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Carbon Oxides and Carbonates
Nonmetallic Elements > Carbon Carbon Oxides and Carbonates Carbon monoxide is the simplest carbon oxide, consisting of one carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom. It is highly toxic. Carbon dioxide is a linear compound composed of a carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. It exists predominately as a gas and is a product of the human metabolism. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, in which it readily and reversibly converts to carbonic acid. The conjugate bases of a carbonic acid are known as the bicarbonate and carbonate ions. Carbonates are the salts of carbonic acids. They form when a positively charged metal ion comes into contact with the oxygen atoms of the carbonate ion. These compounds are often insoluble in water and exhibit some level of basicity or acidity in aqueous solutions. Carbon Monoxide View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Allotropes of Carbon Diamond is a well-known allotrope of carbon that exhibits hardness and high dispersion of light. It is the hardest known natural mineral and finds applications in cutting, drilling, and jewelry, and as a potential semiconductor material. Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in one plane; layers of graphene make up graphite. Graphene is a material of interest due to its high electron mobility and its possible applications in electronics. Fullerenes are a class of carbon allotropes in which carbon takes the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. This class of materials includes carbon nanotubes, buckyballs, and the newly discovered nanobuds. Allotropes of Carbon View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Silicates Silicate Units, Silicate Chains, Silicate Sheets
Nonmetallic Elements > Silicates Silicates Silicate Units, Silicate Chains, Silicate Sheets Properties of Quartz and Glass Aluminosilicates Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Silicate Units, Silicate Chains, Silicate Sheets
Nonmetallic Elements > Silicates Silicate Units, Silicate Chains, Silicate Sheets The basic building block of all silicate minerals is the [SiO4]4− tetrahedron. Silicate minerals containing chains are termed inosilicates. In single chains (SiO32−)n, the silicon to oxygen ratio is 1:3, while in double chains (Si4O116−)n, the silicon to oxygen ratio is 4:11 . The formula of silicate sheet is (Si2O52−)n . Silicate minerals containing sheets are termed phyllosilicates. Silicate Tetrahedron View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Properties of Quartz and Glass
Nonmetallic Elements > Silicates Properties of Quartz and Glass Glass is a non-crystalline, often brittle, transparent solid material made of silica (SiO2) and other minor additives. Glass has the ability to refract, reflect, and transmit light according to the principles of geometrical optics. Color in glass may be obtained by adding electrically charged ions that are homogeneously distributed, or by precipitating finely dispersed particles. Quartz is an abundant mineral made up of a continuous framework of SiO4 tetrahedra. Quartz crystals have piezoelectric properties: they develop an electric potential with the application of mechanical stress. Today, a crystal oscillator is a common piezoelectric use for quartz. Pure quartz is colorless and transparent or translucent. Microcrystal varieties are mostly opaque, while macrocrystals tend to be transparent. Natural Glass View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Silicates
Aluminosilicates Andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite are naturally occurring aluminosilicate minerals that have the composition Al2SiO5 . Each of these minerals occur under different temperature-pressure regimes, and can thus be used to identify the pressure- temperature paths of their host rocks. Hydrated aluminosilicate minerals are referred to as zeolites. They are porous structures that are naturally occurring materials. Calcium aluminosilicate and sodium aluminosilicate are common food additives. Andalusite View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Nonmetallic Elements > Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nitrogen and Phosphorus Properties of Nitrogen Nitrogen Compounds Properties of Phosphorus Phosphorus Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Properties of Nitrogen
Nonmetallic Elements > Nitrogen and Phosphorus Properties of Nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting percent of Earth's atmosphere by volume. Nitrogen gas is an industrial gas produced by the fractional distillation of liquid air or by mechanical means using gaseous air. Commercial nitrogen is often a byproduct of air-processing for industrial concentration of oxygen. Nitrogen gas has a variety of applications, including serving as an inert replacement for air where oxidation is undesirable. Liquid nitrogen is also used to cryogenically freeze objects. The Nitrogen Cycle View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Nitrogen Compounds Nitrogen oxides, called NOx compounds, are important for their explosive properties. These properties are determined by the extremely strong and stable bond found in molecular, diatomic nitrogen, N2, which has a bond dissociation energy of 945 kJ/mol (226 kcal/mol). The main neutral hydride of nitrogen is ammonia (NH3), which has a pKb of 9.2, and is thus a weak base. The corresponding deprotonated species, NH2-, is called an amide and is a strong base (because it's the conjugate base of ammonia, whose pKa is around 38). Nitrogen is a constituent of molecules in every major drug class in pharmacology and medicine, from antibiotics to neurotransmitters and beyond. One important aspect of nitrogen is that it is the only non-metal that can maintain a positive charge at physiological pH. Potassium Nitrate View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Properties of Phosphorus
Nonmetallic Elements > Nitrogen and Phosphorus Properties of Phosphorus Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate. Phosphorus is essential for life. As part of the phosphate group, it is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and the phospholipids that form all cell membranes. Phosphorus exists in several forms (allotropes) that exhibit strikingly different properties. The two most common allotropes are white phosphorus and red phosphorus. Diagram of White Phosphorus View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Phosphorus Compounds The chemistry of phosphorus is often dominated by the strength of the oxygen- phosphorus bond, which is around 152 kcal/mol. This extremely strong bond is the driving force behind several reactions involving phosphorus. The majority of phosphorus-containing compounds are produced for use as fertilizers. For this purpose, phosphate-containing minerals are converted to phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate PO43− is required for all known forms of life. It plays a major role in biological molecules; for example, it forms part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA. Phosphate in DNA View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Oxygen Properties of Oxygen Oxides Uses of Oxygen Ozone
Nonmetallic Elements > Oxygen Oxygen Properties of Oxygen Oxides Uses of Oxygen Ozone Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Oxygen
Properties of Oxygen At standard temperature and pressure (STP), two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2. Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element. As such, it readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements. Oxygen is a strong oxidizing agent and has the second-highest electronegativity of all reactive elements, second only to fluorine. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent; it condenses at K and freezes at K. Liquid Oxygen View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Oxides Metal oxides typically contain an anion of oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Noble metals (such as gold or platinum) are prized because they resist direct chemical combination with oxygen, and substances like gold (III) oxide must be generated by indirect routes. The surface of most metals consists of oxides and hydroxides in the presence of air. Metals tend to form basic oxides, non-metals tend to form acidic oxides, and amphoteric oxides are formed by elements near the boundary between metals and non-metals (metalloids). Silicon Dioxide View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Uses of Oxygen Oxygen is used in mitochondria to help generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during oxidative phosphorylation. Reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide ion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms. Oxygen therapy not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but also decreases resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing the work load on the heart. It is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, and certain heart disorders (congestive heart failure). Hyperbaric (high-pressure) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of O2 around the patient. Oxygen Concentrator View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Ozone Ozone is formed from O2 by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. Ozone is slightly soluble in water, and much more soluble in inert nonpolar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or fluorocarbons, where it forms a blue solution. Ozone will oxidize most metals (except gold, platinum, and iridium) to oxides of the metals in their highest oxidation state. Alkenes can be oxidatively cleaved by ozone, in a process called ozonolysis. With reductive workup (e.g., zinc in acetic acid or dimethyl sulfide), ketones and aldehydes will be formed. With oxidative workup (e.g. aqueous or alcoholic hydrogen peroxide), carboxylic acids will be formed. Ozone, along with reactive forms of oxygen such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite ions, is naturally produced by white blood cells and other biological systems as a means of destroying foreign bodies. Resonance Structures of Ozone View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Sulfur Properties of Sulfur Sulfur Compounds
Nonmetallic Elements > Sulfur Sulfur Properties of Sulfur Sulfur Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Sulfur
Properties of Sulfur Sulfur forms polyatomic molecules with different chemical formulas. Its best- known allotrope is octasulfur, S8, which is a soft, yellow solid with faint odor. Due to changes in intermolecular interactions, it undergoes phase changes from α- octasulfur to β-polymorph to γ-sulfur at high temperatures. At temperatures higher than boiling point for octasulfur, depolymerization occurs. Molten sulfur has a dark red color above 200 °C. Different allotropes have different densities of about 2 g/cm3. Stable allotropes are excellent electrical insulators. Sulfur burns with a blue flame, forming sulfur dioxide with suffocating odor. It is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide. S+4, S6+ are more common than S2+. Higher ionization states exist only with strong oxidants such as fluorine, oxygen, and chlorine. Cyclooctasulfur View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Sulfur
Sulfur Compounds Hydrogen sulfide is mildly acidic in water and is extremely toxic. Sulfur can form chains with itself (catenation). Polysulfides are formed by reduction of elemental sulfur. Polysulfanes are protonated polysulfides. Reduction of sulfur gives sulfide salts. Burning sulfur forms the principal sulfur oxides. The sulfur oxides form numerous oxyanions, which are related to numerous acids. Oleum is a solution of pyrosulfuric acid and sulfuric acid. Peroxides convert sulfur into unstable sulfoxides. Sulfur compounds with halogens include sulfur hexafluoride, sulfur dichloride, and chlorosulfuric acid. Thionyl chloride is a common reagent in organic synthesis. Tetrasulfur tetranitride and thiocyanates are compounds of sulfur and nitrogen. Phosphorus sulfides are numerous. The principal ores of many metals are sulfides. They are formed by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with metal salts. Tarnishing is the process of metal corrosion by sulfur. Sulfur-containing organic compounds include thiols (the sulfur analogs of alcohols) and thioethers (the sulfur analogs of ethers). Compounds with carbon– sulfur bonds are uncommon. Organosulfur compounds are responsible for the some of the unpleasant odors of decaying organic matter. Sulfur-sulfur bonds are a structural component of proteins, providing them with rigidity. Vulcanization is the process of heating rubber and sulfur until disulfide bridges form between isoprene units of the polymer. This increases rigidity of rubber. Lapis lazuli View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Halogens Properties of the Halogens Halogen Compounds Halogen Uses
Nonmetallic Elements > Halogens Halogens Properties of the Halogens Halogen Compounds Halogen Uses Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Properties of the Halogens
Nonmetallic Elements > Halogens Properties of the Halogens Halogens are nonmetals in group 7 of the periodic table. Down the group, atom size increases. As a diatomic molecule, fluorine has the weakest bond due to repulsion between electrons of the small atoms. Due to increased strength of Van der Waals forces down the group, the boiling points of halogens increase. Therefore, the physical state of the elements down the group changes from gaseous fluorine to solid iodine. Due to their high effective nuclear charge, halogens are highly electronegative. Therefore, they are highly reactive and can gain an electron through reaction with other elements. Halogens can be harmful or lethal to biological organisms in sufficient quantities. Physical States of Halogens View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Halogens
Halogen Compounds Hydrogen halides are binary compounds of halogens with hydrogen. They are strong hydrohalic acids when dissolved in water, with the exception of HF. All of these acids are dangerous; some are widely used in chemical manufacturing plants. Metal halides are compounds of halogens and metals. They include highly ionic compounds, monomeric covalent compounds, and polymeric covalent compounds. Metal halides can be obtained through direct combination or through neutralization of a basic metal salt with a hydrohalic acid. Interhalogen compounds are formed when halogens react with each other. Some resemble the pure halogens in some respects, but mostly their properties and behaviors are intermediates of those of the two parent halogens. Some properties, however, are found in neither parent halogen. Halogenated compounds, or organic halides, are organic compounds that contain halogen atoms. In the human body, some halogens perform multiple regulatory functions, while others are not essential. Organohalogens are synthesized through the nucleophilic abstraction reaction. Compounds substituted with multiple halogens are known as polyhalogenated compounds. Many of them are very toxic and bioaccumulate in humans, but they have many potential applications. Silver Chloride View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements > Halogens
Halogen Uses Fluoride can be found in many everyday products, including toothpaste, vitamin supplements, baby formulas, and even public water. However, overconsumption of fluoride can be fatal. Chlorine accounts for about 0.15 percent of human body weight and plays several important roles in the body's functioning. Compounds of both chlorine and bromine are used as disinfectants for sterilization. Iodine is essential for the functioning of the body's thyroid gland. Without iodine, thyroid hormones cannot be produced, which leads to hypothyroidism. Drug candidates that have incorporated halogen atoms are usually more lipophilic and less water-soluble than their analogues, and so have improved penetration through lipid membranes and tissues. Because of this, some halogenated drugs can accumulate in adipose tissue. Polyhalogenated compounds (PHCs) are highly reactive and also bioaccumulate in humans; some of them have toxic and carcinogenic properties. PHCs are used in a vast array of manufactured products and in pest control. The Chemical Structure of DDT View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements Key terms adenosine triphosphate A nucleotide that occurs in biological organisms and is used as a source of energy in cellular reactions and processes. aerobic Organisms living in the presence of oxygen (e.g. aerobic bacteria). Alkenes In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. allotrope Any form of a pure element that has a distinctly different molecular structure to another form of the same element. allotrope Any form of a pure element that has a distinctly different molecular structure. allotropes Different forms of a chemical element. allotropes Different forms of a chemical element found in its natural state. Aluminosilicate Mineral composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen, plus countercations. amino acid Generally, molecules that contain both an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group. The monomers from which polypeptide chains, or proteins, are built are amino acids. anion A negatively charged ion, as opposed to a cation. atomic radius A measure of the size of an atom. Assuming atoms have a spherical shape, the radius of the sphere describes the size of the atom. bond dissociation energy The energy required to separate two atoms joined by a particular bond. Expressed in terms of a mole of such bonded atoms. Indicates the strength of the bond. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

borane Any binary compound of boron and hydrogen.
Nonmetallic Elements borane Any binary compound of boron and hydrogen. borate A salt formed by the combination of boric acid with a base or positive radical. Boron A chemical element with chemical symbol B and atomic number 5. catenation The ability of a few elements, most especially carbon, to yield chains and rings by forming covalent bonds with atoms of the same element. centrosymmetric Having a center of symmetry. coke Solid residue from roasting coal in a coke oven; used principally as a fuel and in the production of steel, and formerly as a domestic fuel. covalent bond A type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons. depolymerization The decomposition of a polymer into smaller fragments. diamagnetic A substance exhibiting diamagnetism, and is repelled by a magnet. diamagnetic Exhibiting diamagnetism; repelled by a magnet. diatomic Consisting of two atoms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

diatomic Consisting of two atoms
Nonmetallic Elements diatomic Consisting of two atoms disinfectant A substance that kills germs and/or viruses. electronegativity The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself. elemental Of, relating to, or being an element (as opposed to a compound). glass A solid, transparent substance made by melting sand with a mixture of soda, potash, and lime. half-life In a radioactive decay process, the amount of time required to end up with half of the original (undecayed) material. halide A compound of a halogen and one or more elements. halide A compound of an element with a halogen. halogenation The reaction of a halogen with another molecule, especially the replacement of a hydrogen atom of an organic compound with a halogen one. halogens Group 17 (or VII) in the periodic table consisting of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). They share similar chemical properties. hydride A compound of hydrogen with a more electropositive element. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

interhalogen A binary compound of two different halogens.
Nonmetallic Elements hydrocarbon economy Referring to the current global economy which is based on fossil fuels as the main energy source. hydrogen economy A hypothetical future economy in which the primary form of stored energy for mobile applications and load balancing is hydrogen (H2). In particular, H2 replaces fossil fuels used to power automobiles. hydrogenation The chemical reaction of hydrogen with another substance, especially with an unsaturated organic compound. Hyperbaric Of, relating to, or utilizing greater than normal pressure (as of oxygen). hypothyroidism The disease state caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Inosilicates Inosilicates, or chain silicates, have interlocking chains of silicate tetrahedrons. interhalogen A binary compound of two different halogens. ionic bond A type of chemical bond where two atoms or molecules are connected to each other by electrostatic attraction. isoelectronic Of two compounds, having the same electronic configuration although consisting of different elements or combinations thereof. isotope Forms of an element where the atoms have a different number of neutrons within their nuclei. As a consequence, atoms of the same isotope will have the same atomic number, but a different mass number. kilocalorie A non-SI unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories, used (now rarely) in chemistry or physics; equal to 1 calorie or Calorie as used in nutrition (symbol: kcal). metalloid A chemical element with properties in between those of nonmetals and metals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

oxocarbon A compound containing only atoms of carbon and oxygen.
Nonmetallic Elements nitrogen A chemical element (symbol N) with an atomic number of 7 and atomic weight of amu. noble gas Any of the elements of group 18 of the periodic table, being monoatomic and (with very limited exceptions) inert. octasulfur The most common allotrope of sulfur (S8) containing eight atoms in a ring. oxide A binary chemical compound of oxygen with another chemical element. oxocarbon A compound containing only atoms of carbon and oxygen. oxygen A chemical element (symbol O) with an atomic number of 8 and atomic mass of amu. ozone A triatomic molecule, also called trioxygen, consisting of three oxygen atoms (O3). ozone An allotrope of oxygen (symbol O3) having three atoms in the molecule instead of the usual two; it is a blue gas, generated from oxygen by electrical discharge; it is poisonous and highly reactive, but it protects life on Earth by absorbing solar ultraviolet radiation in the upper atmosphere. paramagnetic Exhibiting paramagnetism (the tendency of magnetic dipoles to align with an external magnetic field). passivation The spontaneous formation of a hard non-reactive surface film (usually an oxide or nitride) that inhibits further corrosion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

phosphate Any salt or ester of phosphoric acid
Nonmetallic Elements period A horizontal row in the periodic table, which signifies the total number of electron shells in an element's atom. phosphate Any salt or ester of phosphoric acid Phyllosilicates Sheet silicate minerals, formed by parallel sheets of silicate tetrahedrons Si2O52-. piezoelectricity The ability of certain crystals to generate a voltage in response to applied mechanical stress. polyhalogenated compound A compound with multiple atoms of halogens. polyhalogenated compounds Compounds with multiple halogen atoms. propellant Fuel, oxidizer, reaction mass or mixture for one or more engines (especially internal combustion engines or jet engines) that is carried within a vehicle prior to use. pyramidalization The conversion of a molecule's trigonal planar geometry to a tetrahedral one. pyrophoric Spontaneously igniting in air. quartz The most abundant mineral on the earth's surface. Its chemical composition is silicon dioxide, SiO2. It occurs in a variety of forms, both crystalline and amorphous. It is found in every environment. radiometric dating A technique used to date materials by comparing the natural abundance of radioactive atoms to their remaining decay products. Silicate A silicate (SiO44-) is a compound containing a silicon-bearing anion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

substrate The compound or material which is to be acted upon.
Nonmetallic Elements spallation A type of nuclear fission reaction in which cosmic rays of light cause a nucleus to emit a large number of nucleons (protons and neutrons), leading to the formation of new elements (nucleosynthesis). substrate The compound or material which is to be acted upon. vulcanization A process by which rubber is hardened using heat and sulfur. Zeolite Microporous aluminosilicate mineral commonly used as commercial absorbent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Silicate Sheet Nonmetallic Elements
The formula of silicate sheet is (Si2O52−)n. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia. "Silicate-sheet-3D-polyhedra." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Formation of Sodium Flouride
Nonmetallic Elements Formation of Sodium Flouride The attraction of oppositely charged atoms and the transfer of electrons leads to the formation of an ionic compound. In this case, NaF. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "NaF." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Diamond and Graphite Nonmetallic Elements
Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon -- pure forms of the same element that differ in structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Diamond and graphite2." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Heterogeneous Catalysis
Nonmetallic Elements Heterogeneous Catalysis The hydrogenation of ethylene (C2H4) on a solid support is an example of heterogeneous catalysis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Heterogeneous%20catalysis." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

Diagram of White Phosphorus
Nonmetallic Elements Diagram of White Phosphorus The most important elemental form of phosphorus is white phosphorus, P4, which exhibits the bonding shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "White%20phosphrous%20molecule." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Atomic Sizes (Radii) Nonmetallic Elements
The atomic size trends across a period and down a group ('family' in this figure) of the periodic table are shown in this figure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia Commons. "Comparative Atomic Sizes." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

The Carbonate Ion Nonmetallic Elements
The carbonate ion has three resonance structures. The true structure of the carbonate is an average of these three resonance structures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Carbonate-ion-resonance-2D." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Allotropes of Carbon Nonmetallic Elements
Some allotropes of carbon: a) diamond, b) graphite, c) lonsdaleite, d–f) fullerenes (C60, C540, C70); g) amorphous carbon, h) carbon nanotube. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia%20Commons. "Eight%20Allotropes%20of%20Carbon." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Carbon Dioxide Nonmetallic Elements
A central carbon atom is connected to two oxygen atoms via double bonds in a linear structure. The molecule has no net dipole moment because it's centrosymmetric. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "File:Carbon-dioxide-2D-dimensions.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Peroxydisulfuric acid
Nonmetallic Elements Peroxydisulfuric acid Peroxydisulfuric acid (H2S2O8) is made from the action of H2SO4 on concentrated H2O2. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Peroxydisulfuric-acid-3D-balls." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Melting and burning sulfur
Nonmetallic Elements Melting and burning sulfur Sulfur burns with blue flames and forms blood-red liquid when it melts. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Burning-sulfur." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

White Phosphorus Nonmetallic Elements
White phosphorus must be stored in an inert medium away from oxygen, such as in mineral oil, as shown here. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Phosphorus2." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Rose Quartz Crystal Nonmetallic Elements
Rose quartz crystals, Minas Gerais. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Quartz " CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Silicon Dioxide Nonmetallic Elements
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is one of the most common oxides on the surface of earth. Like most oxides, it adopts a polymeric structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Oxide." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

Isotopes of Hydrogen Nonmetallic Elements
The three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia Commons. "Protium_deuterium_tritium." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Borane Nonmetallic Elements
Ball-and-stick model of borane, BH3, which is highly reactive. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Borane." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

Andalusite Nonmetallic Elements
Andalusite is an aluminium nesosilicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "AndalousiteTyrol." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Boron trifluoride Nonmetallic Elements
Boron (III) trifluoride structure, BF3, showing the "empty" boron p orbital in pi-type coordinate covalent bonds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Boron." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

Phosphate in DNA Nonmetallic Elements
DNA strands have a phosphate-deoxyribose backbone. Two DNA strands are shown in the figure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "File:DNA chemical structure.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Cyclooctasulfur Nonmetallic Elements
The structure of the cyclooctasulfur molecule, S8. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia%20Commons. "Cyclooctasulfur-above-3D-balls." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Zeolite Nonmetallic Elements
Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "ZeolitesUSGOV." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Titanium Carbide Nonmetallic Elements
Lattice structure of titanium carbide. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "TiC-xtal-3D-vdW." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

The Hydrogen Atom Nonmetallic Elements
Many of the hydrogen atom's chemical properties arise from its small size, such as its propensity to form covalent bonds, flammability, and spontaneous reaction with oxidizing elements. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "File:Electron%20shell%20001%20Hydrogen%20-%20no%20label.svg%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Lithium Hydride, LiH Nonmetallic Elements
This is a space-filling model of a crystal of lithium hydride, LiH, a binary halide. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Lithium-hydride-3D-vdW." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Silicate Tetrahedron Nonmetallic Elements
Ball-and-stick model of the silicate tetrahedron; red represents oxygen atoms and gray represents the silicon atom in the center. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia. "Silicate-tetrahedron-3D-balls." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Structure of Ozone Nonmetallic Elements
Ozone is a triatomic molecule with no unpaired electrons and a bent molecular shape. The bond lengths and angle formed by the three O atoms are shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Ozone." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

Partial hydrogenation in margarine
Nonmetallic Elements Partial hydrogenation in margarine Margarine is a semi-solid butter substitute created from vegetable oil, which is typically unsaturated and therefore liquid at room temperature. The process of partial hydrogenation adds hydrogen atoms and reduces the double bonds in the fatty acids, creating a semi-solid vegetable oil at room temperature. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia commons. "H2forMargerin." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Phase Diagram of Aluminosilicate Mineral
Nonmetallic Elements Phase Diagram of Aluminosilicate Mineral The phase diagram of Al2SiO5 showing its different forms (called "polymorphs"). (Note: What is referred to as "Cianite" in the figure corresponds to "kyanite" in the text.) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia%20Commons. "Al2SiO5%20diagramma%20di%20fase." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Ozonolysis Nonmetallic Elements
The cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds by O3 is shown in this figure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia%20Commons. "Ozonolysis%20Scheme." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Physical States of Halogens
Nonmetallic Elements Physical States of Halogens Halogens represents all of the three familiar states of matter: (left to right) chlorine is a gas, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. Highly reactive fluorine is not included in the picture. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Halogens." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Resonance Structures of Ozone
Nonmetallic Elements Resonance Structures of Ozone The two resonance structures of O3 are shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D." Public domain View on Boundless.com

The Hydrogen Economy Nonmetallic Elements
The hydrogen economy could possibly revolutionize the current energy infrastructure by transferring fuel demands from fossil fuels onto hydrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Hydrogen.economy.sys integration circle." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Allotropes of Carbon Nonmetallic Elements
Allotropes of carbon: a) Diamond, b) Graphite, c) Lonsdaleite, d) C60 (Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball), e) C540, f) C70, g) Amorphous carbon, and h) single-walled carbon nanotube, or buckytube. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Eight Allotropes of Carbon." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Carbon Monoxide Nonmetallic Elements
Carbon monoxide is stabilized by three different resonance structures. The first resonance structure is the most important one. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "File:Carbon Monoxide-2.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Protium Nonmetallic Elements
Protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen, consists of one proton and one electron. Unique among all stable isotopes, it has no neutrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "File:Hydrogen.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Tetraborate Nonmetallic Elements
Tetraborate (borax) ion structure. Pink: boron; red: oxygen; white: hydrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Borate." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

Red Phosphorus Crystal Structure
Nonmetallic Elements Red Phosphorus Crystal Structure Red phosphorus is similar to P4 but is polymeric: one of the P-P bonds has been broken and is now attached to the next P4 unit. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "RedPhosphorus." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

Potassium Nitrate Nonmetallic Elements
Potassium nitrate, or saltpeter, was a constituent of early gunpowder. It serves as an oxidant, along with an oxidizable material such as sugar. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Potassium%20nitrate." Public domain View on Boundless.com

The Chemical Structure of DDT
Nonmetallic Elements The Chemical Structure of DDT DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is an organochlorine used as an insecticide. It is now banned in the United States because of its potential harmful effects on human health. Key: chlorine atoms: green, carbon atoms: black, hydrogen atoms: white. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "DDT-from-xtal-3D-balls." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Hydrogenation Nonmetallic Elements
Hydrogen can be added across a double bond—such as the olefin in maleic acid shown—by utilizing a catalyst, such as palladium. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "SuccPdH2." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Three-dimensional structure of zeolite
Nonmetallic Elements Three-dimensional structure of zeolite In the mineral zeolite, silica and oxygen atoms are bonded layers of sheets. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia%252520commons. "The%252520microporous%252520molecular%252520structure%252520of%252520a%252520zeolite,%252520ZSM-5." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Phosphoric Acid Nonmetallic Elements
Phosphoric acid contains one P=O double bond and three P-O single bonds terminating in acidic OH groups. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Phosphoric-acid-2D-dimensions." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Spectrum of Nitrogen Nonmetallic Elements
Sending an electric current through nitrogen excites the electrons to higher energy levels. When they fall to lower energy levels, certain frequencies of light (based on the difference in energy of the energy levels) are observed, as shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Nitrogen%20Spectra." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Autoinducer-2 Nonmetallic Elements
Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is one of the few known biomolecules containing the element Boron. AI-2 is used by many types of bacteria as a signaling molecule mediating quorum sensing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia%20Commons. "AI-2." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Double Chain Nonmetallic Elements
Ball-and-stick model of silicate double chains. Red balls correspond to oxygen, and gray to silicon atoms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia. "Silicate-double-chain-3D-balls." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Silver Chloride Nonmetallic Elements
Silver chloride is the precipitate formed when silver nitrate solution is added to chloride solution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "AgCl-neerslag." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Natural Glass Nonmetallic Elements
Moldavite, a natural glass formed by meteorite impact, from Besednice, Bohemia. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Moldavite%252520Besednice." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Oxygen Concentrator Nonmetallic Elements
An oxygen concentrator for an emphysema patient. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Oxygen." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

The Nitrogen Cycle Nonmetallic Elements
The figure summarizes the major processes through which nitrogen is converted between its various forms on the surface of the earth. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia%20Commons. "Nitrogen%20Cycle." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Lapis lazuli Nonmetallic Elements
Lapis lazuli owes its blue color to a sulfur radical. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Lapis lazuli block." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.com

Quartz Nonmetallic Elements
This diagram shows the crystal structure of quartz. Silicon atoms are grey, and oxygen atoms are red. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia%252520Commons. "A-quartz." Public domain View on Boundless.com

Boron Nonmetallic Elements Boron has a black-brown appearance.
Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Boron." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

Liquid Oxygen Nonmetallic Elements
Oxygen bubbles rise through pale-blue liquid oxygen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Oxygen." GNU FDL View on Boundless.com

Why does atomic radius decrease when going from left to right?
Nonmetallic Elements Why does atomic radius decrease when going from left to right? A) Additional electrons in the outermost shell are attracted to the negatively charged nucleus. B) Additional electrons in the outermost shell are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. C) Additional protons in the outermost shell are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. D) Additional protons in the outermost shell are attracted to the negatively charged nucleus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Why does atomic radius decrease when going from left to right?
Nonmetallic Elements Why does atomic radius decrease when going from left to right? A) Additional electrons in the outermost shell are attracted to the negatively charged nucleus. B) Additional electrons in the outermost shell are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. C) Additional protons in the outermost shell are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. D) Additional protons in the outermost shell are attracted to the negatively charged nucleus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements Which best describes the bonding between a nonmetal and other nonmetals? A) Ionic and may form multiple bonds depending on the number of valence electrons. B) Covalent and may form multiple bonds depending on the number of core electrons. C) Covalent and can only form one bond at a time as this fills the outer electron shell. D) Covalent and may form multiple bonds depending on the number of valence electrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements Which best describes the bonding between a nonmetal and other nonmetals? A) Ionic and may form multiple bonds depending on the number of valence electrons. B) Covalent and may form multiple bonds depending on the number of core electrons. C) Covalent and can only form one bond at a time as this fills the outer electron shell. D) Covalent and may form multiple bonds depending on the number of valence electrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements Of the following, which is NOT the correct descriptive hydrogen - element pair? A) partial positive charge - electropositive elements (alkali metals) B) partial positive charge - electronegative elements (halogens or oxygen) C) partial negative charge - electropositive elements (alkali metals) D) noncovalent - fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements Of the following, which is NOT the correct descriptive hydrogen - element pair? A) partial positive charge - electropositive elements (alkali metals) B) partial positive charge - electronegative elements (halogens or oxygen) C) partial negative charge - electropositive elements (alkali metals) D) noncovalent - fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements A hydride that contains a hydrogen bonded to an extremely electropositive metal is known as: A) a covalent hydride. B) an interstitial hydride. C) a nonionic hydride. D) an ionic hydride. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements A hydride that contains a hydrogen bonded to an extremely electropositive metal is known as: A) a covalent hydride. B) an interstitial hydride. C) a nonionic hydride. D) an ionic hydride. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

The three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen are:
Nonmetallic Elements The three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen are: A) 2H, 3H, 4H. B) 1H, 3H, 4H. C) 1H, 2H, 3H. D) 1H, 3H, 5H. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen are:
Nonmetallic Elements The three naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen are: A) 2H, 3H, 4H. B) 1H, 3H, 4H. C) 1H, 2H, 3H. D) 1H, 3H, 5H. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Homogeneous catalysts are:
Nonmetallic Elements Homogeneous catalysts are: A) soluble in the solvent that contains the unsaturated solute/substrate. B) insoluble in the solvent that contains the unsaturated solute/substrate. C) soluble in a separate solvent than the one that contains the unsaturated solute/substrate. D) soluble in the solvent that contains the saturated solute/substrate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Homogeneous catalysts are:
Nonmetallic Elements Homogeneous catalysts are: A) soluble in the solvent that contains the unsaturated solute/substrate. B) insoluble in the solvent that contains the unsaturated solute/substrate. C) soluble in a separate solvent than the one that contains the unsaturated solute/substrate. D) soluble in the solvent that contains the saturated solute/substrate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

The use of petroleum as a fuel source is problematic because:
Nonmetallic Elements The use of petroleum as a fuel source is problematic because: A) it releases carbon dioxide and the supply of raw materials are limited. B) it absorbs carbon dioxide and the supply of raw materials are limited. C) it releases nitrogen and the supply of raw materials are limited. D) it forms methane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The use of petroleum as a fuel source is problematic because:
Nonmetallic Elements The use of petroleum as a fuel source is problematic because: A) it releases carbon dioxide and the supply of raw materials are limited. B) it absorbs carbon dioxide and the supply of raw materials are limited. C) it releases nitrogen and the supply of raw materials are limited. D) it forms methane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

The semiconductor industry uses elemental boron as a(n):
Nonmetallic Elements The semiconductor industry uses elemental boron as a(n): A) conductor. B) insulator. C) dopant. D) transistor. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The semiconductor industry uses elemental boron as a(n):
Nonmetallic Elements The semiconductor industry uses elemental boron as a(n): A) conductor. B) insulator. C) dopant. D) transistor. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

When in compound with halides, boron has the formal oxidation state:
Nonmetallic Elements When in compound with halides, boron has the formal oxidation state: A) I, or +1 B) III, or +3 C) II, or +2 D) IV, or +4 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

When in compound with halides, boron has the formal oxidation state:
Nonmetallic Elements When in compound with halides, boron has the formal oxidation state: A) I, or +1 B) III, or +3 C) II, or +2 D) IV, or +4 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

The simplest borate anion, BO33-, adopts which configuration?
Nonmetallic Elements The simplest borate anion, BO33-, adopts which configuration? A) tetrahedral B) trigonal planar C) trigonal pyramidal D) trigonal bipyramidal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The simplest borate anion, BO33-, adopts which configuration?
Nonmetallic Elements The simplest borate anion, BO33-, adopts which configuration? A) tetrahedral B) trigonal planar C) trigonal pyramidal D) trigonal bipyramidal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

A borane is a chemical compound that consists of:
Nonmetallic Elements A borane is a chemical compound that consists of: A) boron and hydrogen. B) boron and oxygen. C) boron and carbon. D) boron and nitrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

A borane is a chemical compound that consists of:
Nonmetallic Elements A borane is a chemical compound that consists of: A) boron and hydrogen. B) boron and oxygen. C) boron and carbon. D) boron and nitrogen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

The ground state electron configuration of carbon is:
Nonmetallic Elements The ground state electron configuration of carbon is: A) 1s22s22p2 B) 1s22s22p3 C) 1s22s22p63s1 D) 1s22s22p1 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The ground state electron configuration of carbon is:
Nonmetallic Elements The ground state electron configuration of carbon is: A) 1s22s22p2 B) 1s22s22p3 C) 1s22s22p63s1 D) 1s22s22p1 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements Compounds made of carbon + group V transition metals (atomic radii > 135 pm) are called: A) saline carbides. B) covalent carbides. C) intermediate transition metal carbides. D) interstitial carbides. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements Compounds made of carbon + group V transition metals (atomic radii > 135 pm) are called: A) saline carbides. B) covalent carbides. C) intermediate transition metal carbides. D) interstitial carbides. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following are the correct chemical formulas for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, respectively? A) CO2, CO B) C2O, CO C) CO, CO2 D) CO, C2O Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following are the correct chemical formulas for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, respectively? A) CO2, CO B) C2O, CO C) CO, CO2 D) CO, C2O Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements All of the following allotropes of carbon are fullerenes, EXCEPT which of the following: A) nanofoam B) nantubes C) buckyballs D) nanobuds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements All of the following allotropes of carbon are fullerenes, EXCEPT which of the following: A) nanofoam B) nantubes C) buckyballs D) nanobuds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

The basic unit of silicate is:
Nonmetallic Elements The basic unit of silicate is: A) trigonal planar which can form single and double chains, as well as sheets. B) tetrahedral which can form double and triple chains, as well as sheets. C) trigonal pyramidal which can form single and double chains, as well as sheets. D) tetrahedral which can form single and double chains, as well as sheets. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The basic unit of silicate is:
Nonmetallic Elements The basic unit of silicate is: A) trigonal planar which can form single and double chains, as well as sheets. B) tetrahedral which can form double and triple chains, as well as sheets. C) trigonal pyramidal which can form single and double chains, as well as sheets. D) tetrahedral which can form single and double chains, as well as sheets. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Quartz is a mineral which is
Nonmetallic Elements Quartz is a mineral which is A) made up of a framework of SiO4 tetrahedra & has low thermal and chemical stability. B) made up of a continuous framework of SiO4 tetrahedra & has high thermal and chemical stability. C) made up of a framework of SiO2 trigonal pyramids & has low thermal and chemical stability. D) made up of a framework of SiO2 trigonal pyramids & has high thermal and chemical stability. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Quartz is a mineral which is
Nonmetallic Elements Quartz is a mineral which is A) made up of a framework of SiO4 tetrahedra & has low thermal and chemical stability. B) made up of a continuous framework of SiO4 tetrahedra & has high thermal and chemical stability. C) made up of a framework of SiO2 trigonal pyramids & has low thermal and chemical stability. D) made up of a framework of SiO2 trigonal pyramids & has high thermal and chemical stability. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements The naturally occurring aluminosilicates with the composition Al2SiO5 are: A) andalusite, kyanite, and alumimanite. B) andalusite, zeonite, and sillimanite. C) andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite. D) calcinite, kyanite, and sillimanite. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements The naturally occurring aluminosilicates with the composition Al2SiO5 are: A) andalusite, kyanite, and alumimanite. B) andalusite, zeonite, and sillimanite. C) andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite. D) calcinite, kyanite, and sillimanite. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Which of the following statements about nitrogen is correct?
Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following statements about nitrogen is correct? A) Nitrogen has 4 electrons in its outer shell; the triple bond of N2 is one of the strongest bonds. B) Nitrogen has 5 electrons in its outer shell; the double bond of N2 is one of the strongest bonds. C) Nitrogen has 3 electrons in its outer shell; the double bond of N2 is one of the strongest bonds. D) Nitrogen has 5 electrons in its outer shell; the triple bond of N2 is one of the strongest bonds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Which of the following statements about nitrogen is correct?
Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following statements about nitrogen is correct? A) Nitrogen has 4 electrons in its outer shell; the triple bond of N2 is one of the strongest bonds. B) Nitrogen has 5 electrons in its outer shell; the double bond of N2 is one of the strongest bonds. C) Nitrogen has 3 electrons in its outer shell; the double bond of N2 is one of the strongest bonds. D) Nitrogen has 5 electrons in its outer shell; the triple bond of N2 is one of the strongest bonds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nitrogen oxides are characterized by their
Nonmetallic Elements Nitrogen oxides are characterized by their A) explosive properties. B) corrosive properties. C) acidic properties. D) inert properties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nitrogen oxides are characterized by their
Nonmetallic Elements Nitrogen oxides are characterized by their A) explosive properties. B) corrosive properties. C) acidic properties. D) inert properties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Which of the following statements about phosphorus is true?
Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following statements about phosphorus is true? A) Phosphorus is not essential for life; white phosphorus is the most reactive and toxic. B) Phosphorus is essential for life; red phosphorus is the most reactive and toxic. C) Phosphorus is essential for life; white phosphorus is the most reactive and toxic. D) Phosphorus is not essential for life; red phosphorus is the most reactive and toxic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Which of the following statements about phosphorus is true?
Nonmetallic Elements Which of the following statements about phosphorus is true? A) Phosphorus is not essential for life; white phosphorus is the most reactive and toxic. B) Phosphorus is essential for life; red phosphorus is the most reactive and toxic. C) Phosphorus is essential for life; white phosphorus is the most reactive and toxic. D) Phosphorus is not essential for life; red phosphorus is the most reactive and toxic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements In the main oxoacids of phosphorus, phosphorus has which of the following oxidation states? A) +1, +3, +5 B) +1, +2, +5 C) +1, +2, +3 D) +1, +2, +4 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements In the main oxoacids of phosphorus, phosphorus has which of the following oxidation states? A) +1, +3, +5 B) +1, +2, +5 C) +1, +2, +3 D) +1, +2, +4 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

The ground state of O2 is best described as:
Nonmetallic Elements The ground state of O2 is best described as: A) triplet oxygen, two unpaired electrons occupy two anti-bonding orbitals. B) doublet oxygen, two unpaired electrons occupy two anti-bonding orbitals. C) triplet oxygen, three unpaired electrons occupy three anti-bonding orbitals. D) doublet oxygen, two unpaired electrons occupy two bonding orbitals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The ground state of O2 is best described as:
Nonmetallic Elements The ground state of O2 is best described as: A) triplet oxygen, two unpaired electrons occupy two anti-bonding orbitals. B) doublet oxygen, two unpaired electrons occupy two anti-bonding orbitals. C) triplet oxygen, three unpaired electrons occupy three anti-bonding orbitals. D) doublet oxygen, two unpaired electrons occupy two bonding orbitals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Which statement is correct?
Nonmetallic Elements Which statement is correct? A) Metals tend to form acidic oxides and non-metals tend to form basic oxides. B) Metals and non-metals tend to form acidic oxides. C) Metals tend to form basic oxides and non-metals tend to form acidic oxides. D) Metals and non-metals tend to form basic oxides. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Which statement is correct?
Nonmetallic Elements Which statement is correct? A) Metals tend to form acidic oxides and non-metals tend to form basic oxides. B) Metals and non-metals tend to form acidic oxides. C) Metals tend to form basic oxides and non-metals tend to form acidic oxides. D) Metals and non-metals tend to form basic oxides. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements Cells use oxygen to: A) help generate ADP; some byproducts of oxygen use are superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. B) help generate ATP; some byproducts of oxygen use are superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. C) help generate superoxide; some byproducts of oxygen use are ATP and hydrogen peroxide. D) help generate glucose; some byproducts of oxygen use are superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements Cells use oxygen to: A) help generate ADP; some byproducts of oxygen use are superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. B) help generate ATP; some byproducts of oxygen use are superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. C) help generate superoxide; some byproducts of oxygen use are ATP and hydrogen peroxide. D) help generate glucose; some byproducts of oxygen use are superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Which statement best describes ozone?
Nonmetallic Elements Which statement best describes ozone? A) Ozone is diamagnetic, a powerful oxidant, and soluble in non-polar solvents. B) Ozone is diamagnetic, a powerful reductant, and soluble in non-polar solvents. C) Ozone is diamagnetic, a powerful oxidant, and soluble in polar solvents. D) Ozone is diamagnetic, a powerful reductant,and soluble in polar solvents. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Which statement best describes ozone?
Nonmetallic Elements Which statement best describes ozone? A) Ozone is diamagnetic, a powerful oxidant, and soluble in non-polar solvents. B) Ozone is diamagnetic, a powerful reductant, and soluble in non-polar solvents. C) Ozone is diamagnetic, a powerful oxidant, and soluble in polar solvents. D) Ozone is diamagnetic, a powerful reductant,and soluble in polar solvents. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

The best known allotrope of sulfur is:
Nonmetallic Elements The best known allotrope of sulfur is: A) octasulfur B) disulfur C) tetrasulfur D) hexasulfur Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

The best known allotrope of sulfur is:
Nonmetallic Elements The best known allotrope of sulfur is: A) octasulfur B) disulfur C) tetrasulfur D) hexasulfur Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except:
Nonmetallic Elements Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except: A) transition metals. B) noble gases. C) halogens. D) chalcogens. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except:
Nonmetallic Elements Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except: A) transition metals. B) noble gases. C) halogens. D) chalcogens. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

As you go down the halogen group:
Nonmetallic Elements As you go down the halogen group: A) atoms get smaller and the boiling point increases. B) atoms get bigger and the boiling point increases. C) atoms get bigger and the boiling point decreases. D) atoms get smaller and the boiling point decreases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

As you go down the halogen group:
Nonmetallic Elements As you go down the halogen group: A) atoms get smaller and the boiling point increases. B) atoms get bigger and the boiling point increases. C) atoms get bigger and the boiling point decreases. D) atoms get smaller and the boiling point decreases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

How would you describe the behavior of I-Cl?
Nonmetallic Elements How would you describe the behavior of I-Cl? A) Mostly like I2 B) Mostly like Cl2 C) Exactly 50:50 of I2 and Cl2 D) A mix of Cl2 and I2 with some unique properties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

How would you describe the behavior of I-Cl?
Nonmetallic Elements How would you describe the behavior of I-Cl? A) Mostly like I2 B) Mostly like Cl2 C) Exactly 50:50 of I2 and Cl2 D) A mix of Cl2 and I2 with some unique properties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Match each of the halogens with their appropriate application:
Nonmetallic Elements Match each of the halogens with their appropriate application: A) F - thyroid hormone production; Cl - stomach acidification; Br - disinfectant; I - baby formula. B) F - baby formula; Cl - stomach acidification; Br - thyroid hormone production; I - disinfectant. C) F - baby formula; Cl - stomach acidification; Br - disinfectant; I - thyroid hormone production. D) F - baby formula; Cl - disinfectant; Br - thyroid hormone production; I - stomach acidification. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Match each of the halogens with their appropriate application:
Nonmetallic Elements Match each of the halogens with their appropriate application: A) F - thyroid hormone production; Cl - stomach acidification; Br - disinfectant; I - baby formula. B) F - baby formula; Cl - stomach acidification; Br - thyroid hormone production; I - disinfectant. C) F - baby formula; Cl - stomach acidification; Br - disinfectant; I - thyroid hormone production. D) F - baby formula; Cl - disinfectant; Br - thyroid hormone production; I - stomach acidification. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0

Nonmetallic Elements Attribution Wikipedia. "Sulfur." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "depolymerization." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "octasulfur." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "allotrope." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Boron suboxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Boron trioxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Boron monoxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Borate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "isoelectronic." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "borate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Hydrogen." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "diatomic." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Carbon oxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Carbon monoxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Carbon dioxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Carbonate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "oxocarbon." CC BY-SA 3.0 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Wiktionary. "oxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oxide
Nonmetallic Elements Wiktionary. "oxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "centrosymmetric." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Hydrogen economy." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "hydrogen economy." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "hydrocarbon economy." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Amorphous carbon." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Allotropes of carbon." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Allotropy." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Diamond." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Graphite." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Graphene." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "allotropes." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Glassy carbon." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Carbon." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "Hyperbaric." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "aerobic." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Oxygen." CC BY-SA 3.0 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Wiktionary. "ozone." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ozone
Nonmetallic Elements Wiktionary. "paramagnetic." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "ozone." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "oxygen." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Ozone." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Alkenes." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "diamagnetic." CC BY-SA 3.0 University of California Davis. CC BY-SA University of California Davis. "Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions - Chemwiki." CC BY-SA tals_and_Their_Ions Wiktionary. "covalent bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "ionic bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "nonmetal." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Boron." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikibooks. "General Chemistry/Chemistries of Various Elements/Group 13." CC BY-SA Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "borate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Hydrogen isotopes." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "diatomic." CC BY-SA 3.0 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Nonmetallic Elements Wiktionary. "isotope." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikibooks. "A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Silicates." CC BY-SA level_Chemistry/OCR_(Salters)/Silicates Wikipedia. "Phyllosilicates." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Inosilicates." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Silicate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Aluminosilicate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Sodium aluminosilicate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Andalusite." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Zeolite." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikibooks. "Search results for "aluminosilicate" - Wikibooks, open books for an open world." CC BY-SA Wikipedia. "Halogens." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "interhalogen." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "halide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "polyhalogenated compound." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikibooks. "A-level Chemistry/AQA/Module 2/Group VII: The Halogens." CC BY-SA level_Chemistry/AQA/Module_2/Group_VII:_The_Halogens#Physical_Properties Wikipedia. "Halogen." CC BY-SA 3.0 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Wikipedia. "Boron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron
Nonmetallic Elements Wiktionary. "electronegativity." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "halogen." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Carbide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Beryllium carbide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Tungsten carbide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "hydride." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Hydride." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Hydrogenation." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "substrate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "hydrogenation." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Boron trifluoride." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Boron trichloride." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Boron." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Boron tribromide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "halide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "halogenation." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "vulcanization." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "catenation." CC BY-SA 3.0 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Wikipedia. "Oxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide
Nonmetallic Elements Wikipedia. "Sulfur." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "allotrope." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "phosphate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "adenosine triphosphate." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Phosphorus." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Oxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "coke." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "oxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "passivation." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Borane." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "pyrophoric." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "diamagnetic." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "borane." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "nitrogen." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "amino acid." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "elemental." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Nitrogen." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "kilocalorie." CC BY-SA 3.0 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Wikipedia. "Quartz." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz
Nonmetallic Elements Wikipedia. "Quartz." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Glass." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "piezoelectricity." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "quartz." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "glass." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Phonograph." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Nitrogen." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "oxide." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "anion." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "propellant." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Halogens." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "polyhalogenated compounds." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "disinfectant." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "hypothyroidism." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Polyhalogenated compound." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Inorganic Chemistry/Nonmetals/Halogens." CC BY-SA Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

Wikipedia. "period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/period
Nonmetallic Elements Wikipedia. "period." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wiktionary. "noble gas." CC BY-SA 3.0 Wikipedia. "Atomic radius." CC BY-SA 3.0 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at

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