1. Natural radioactivity in groundwater in the Negev Desert and the Arava Valley, Israel Gustavo Haquin Soreq Nuclear Research Center, Yavne 81800 ISRAEL

2. Introduction In the last years high concentration of uranium and radium isotopes and radon were measured in groundwater from the Nubean sandstone (Kurnub) and the upper cretaceous limestone (Judea) aquifers in the Negev and the Arava valley. As most of the groundwater basins in the Middle East are being diminished or contaminated, exploitation of the deep aquifers units is increasing. Objectives of present work : Mapping the natural radioactivity in groundwater in the south of Israel Comparison of radium measurement methods Understanding the physical and chemical processes of radium enrichment in groundwater Assessment of the radiological consequences of consuming high radium groundwater

3. Natural decay series

4. Dead Sea Cyprus Red Sea Arava valley Negev Desert Sinai Peninsula

5. Study area Group 1: NE Negev - Craters Group 7 : NW Negev Group 6: NE Negev Group 5: South and central Arava Group 4: Ashalim Group 3: South Arava Group 2: NE Negev – Dead Sea Kurnub aquifer Judea aquifer

6. Precipitation  Enrichment of SrSO 4 and PbSO 4 instead of BaSO 4 – atomic radius  Decrease in radium content in solid with increasing temperature Adsorption and ion exchange  K d increase with time and decrease with T  Source for decay products flux into water  Linear correlation between radium concentration and salinity  Radium adsorption with MnO x depends on redox of water Dissolution  Low PH and T increase dissolution Recoil  Recoil energy (daughter) following alpha disintegration of parent radionuclide  Change in decay product position in host rock Processes for radium enrichment in ground water

7. Analytical methods Method 226 Ra 228 Ra 223 Ra 224 Ra 222 Rn 234 U 238 U  spec – liquid (1)   spec MnO 2 (1)  RAD 7 MnO 2 (2)  Delayed coincidence MnO 2 (3)  Emanometry (1)  ICP-MS (4)  ( 1) Soreq NRC, (2) BGU University, (3) Stanford University, (4) NRCN and GSI

8. Radiological consequences The IL d.w. standard limit the overall dose from drinking water to 0.1 mSv/year. This limit is translated to activity concentration thresholds for each radium isotopes as presented in the table. New IL std [Bq/l] Old IL std [Bq/l] Isotope 0.50.6 226 Ra 0.20.5 228 Ra 2.11.7 224 Ra 1.4 223 Ra

9. Results of method comparison Good correlation between different measurement methods. R=0.98

10. R=0.97

11. R=0.95

12. Results of radium mapping Radioactivity distribution: Dispersion of the phenomena along all the study area. No hot-spots. Anomalies of 222 Rn in the region south to the Dead Sea.

13. Mapping radium conc. 222 Rn 224 Ra 228 Ra 226 RaNameGroup 2.50.290.18NE Negev - Craters 1 1.80.300.24NE Negev – Dead Sea 2 3.30.440.36South Arava3 2.50.340.25Kurnub 6.90.08BDL0.52South and central Arava 5 36.50.06BDL1.52NE Negev6 7.4BDL 0.55NW Negev7 14.0BDL0.70Judea

14. Study area Group 1: NE Negev - Craters Group 7 : NW Negev Group 6: NE Negev Group 5: South and central Arava Group 4: Ashalim Group 3: South Arava Group 2: NE Negev – Dead Sea Kurnub aquifer Judea aquifer

15. Mapping radium conc.

16. Results of drinking water quality The majority of the water in both aquifers are not suitable for consumption

17. Kurnub aquifer 66% over old IL std. 96% over new IL std. Judea aquifer 34% over old IL std. 38% over new IL std. Water quality

18. Results on geochemistry Radium isotopes according to lithology (Judea 226 Ra, Kurnub 228 Ra and 226 Ra). Large daughter/parent disequilibrium: 222 Rn/ 226 Ra (0.2 - 225) 234 U/ 238 U (1.3 - 5.3) 224 Ra/ 228 Ra (0.1-5.4).

19. Kurnub Judea Lithologic characterization 234 U/ 238 U 224 Ra/ 223 Ra 228 Ra/ 226 RaAquifer 3.2>30>1.5Kurnub 1.8<5<0.5Judea

20. Kurnub NE Negev - craters

21. Total radium – salinity Craters Total radium – salinity, DO. NE Negev (DS) High salinity – low Ra: Adsorption of 226 Ra in host rock. Less precipitation of Ra with BaSO 4.

22. South and central Arava

23. Increase in total Ra with T כורנוב יהודה

24. Judea NW Negev

25. Low salinity 300 mg/L High salinity 1500 mg/L Ra release in low DO water High salinity – adsorption sites Less Ra precipitates with BaSO 4 Ra related to chemistry

26. Conclusions A systematic and comprehensive survey of natural radioactivity in the Kurnub and Judea aquifers was performed. The natural radioactivity phenomena in groundwater is scattered along the south of Israel. A comparison of five analytical methods for radium measurements was performed and an very good correlation was found between the different methods. Isotopic radium characterization according to lithology. 228 Ra/ 226 Ra < 1 as expected in carbonate aquifers (Judea) Almost 40% of the wells do not fit IL and EU d.w. Standards.

27. 228 Ra/ 226 Ra > 1 as expected in sandstone aquifers (kurnub). Almost 96% do not fit new IL d.w. standard The groundwater is supplied to the population after desalination which lower the radium concentration in the water. Radium enrichment in groundwater is due to: adsorption, dissolution, precipitation and recoil. The predominant geochemical process for radium enrichment are influenced in-situ by local characteristics (chemistry) of the water. High U disequilibrium was found in both aquifers. High excess of 222 Rn was measured in both aquifers.

28. In cooperation with A. Vengosh and N. Pery – Ben Gurion University. A. Paytan – Stanford University Sponsored by : Water quality Division at the Israel Water Commission

29. ים המלח ירדן 2005 Thank you Gracie תודה Dead Sea