1. Chapter 5: Cell Growth and Division

2. PART ONE Sections 1, 2, & 4

3. 5.1 The Cell Cycle
KEY CONCEPT : Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions.

4. Cell Reproduction “All cells come from pre-existing cells”
Two main types of cell reproduction:
Asexual: (MITOSIS) – offspring is identical to the parent cell
Sexual: (MEIOSIS) – offspring is not identical to either parent
produces gametes (sperm and egg cells)

5. The Cell Cycle
The complete series of events from one cell division to the next.
Why Do Cells Divide?
Reproduction: new organisms are produced from parents
Growth: multicellular organisms grow by producing more cells
Repair: damaged cells are replaced by producing new cells

6. The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

7. The cell cycle has four main stages.
Interphase: Longest phase of the cell cycle
Gap 1 (G1): cell growth and normal functions
DNA synthesis (S): copies DNA
Gap 2 (G2): additional growth and prepares for division
Mitosis (M): includes division of the cell nucleus (mitosis) and division of the cell cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

8. CELL CYCLE OVERVIEW

9. Put it all together! What are the stages of cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, and Mitosis
2. What happens during G1?
Cell grows
3. What happens during S?
Replication of DNA
4. What happens during G2?
Cell Prepares to divide
5. What happens during M?
Cell divides

10. 5.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
KEY CONCEPT : Cells divide during mitosis and cytokinesis.

11. Chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis.
DNA double helix
DNA and histones
Chromatin
Supercoiled DNA
Each continuous ,double-stranded DNA molecule makes one chromosome.
DNA wraps around proteins called histones, forming chromatin.
Interactions between parts of the histones further compact the DNA
The chromatin coils more and more tightly around organizing proteins.

12. Chromosome Structure DNA plus proteins is called chromatin.
chromatid
telomere
centromere
DNA plus proteins is called chromatin.
One half of a duplicated chromosome is a chromatid.
Sister chromatids are held together at the centromere.
Telomeres (far ends of each chromatid) protect DNA and do not include genes.
Condensed, duplicated chromosome

13. Telomeres and Aging The Science of Aging
Cancer Risk With Telomere Length

14. Interphase Longest phase of cell cycle Interphase has 3 stages:
G1, S, & G2
The cell contains a pair of centrioles.
The cell's chromosomes have duplicated but are in the form of chromatin.
Parent cell
centrioles
spindle fibers
centrosome
nucleus with
DNA

15. Mitosis Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells.
Mitosis divides the cell’s nucleus in four phases.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
I remember it as PMAT

16. Prophase:
The nuclear membrane begins to disappear
chromatin condense into chromosomes
spindle fibers form

17. 2) Metaphase:
Spindle fibers attach to centromeres
Spindle fibers line up chromosomes in the middle of the cell.

18. 3) Anaphase:
spindle fibers condense and separate sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell.

19. 4) Telophase:
chromosomes begin to uncoil
the nuclear membrane reforms
the spindle fibers disappear
Cytokinesis, which divides the cell in two, begins.

20. Cytokinesis
Divides cytoplasm between 2 daughter cells each with genetically identical cells.
Cytokinesis differs in animal and plant cells
In animal cells, cleavage furrow separates two new nuclei
In plant cells, a cell plate forms.

21. Cytokinesis: Animal Cells & Plant Cells

23. Mitosis

24. What stage is this?

25. What stage is this?

26. What stage is this?

27. What stage is this?

28. What stage is this?

29. Mitosis

30. Elodea cells

31. Cheek cells

32. 5.4 Asexual Reproduction
KEY CONCEPT: Many organisms reproduce by cell division.

33. Asexual Reproduction Binary fission is similar in function to mitosis.
Asexual reproduction is the creation of offspring from a single parent.
Binary fission produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell.
Binary fission occurs in prokaryotes.
parent cell
DNA
duplicates
cell begins
to divide
daughter
cells

34. PART TWO Sections 3 & 5

35. 5.3 Regulation of the Cell Cycle
KEY CONCEPT: Cell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy growth.

36. Apoptosis Apoptosis is programmed cell death.
It’s a normal feature of healthy organisms
It’s caused by a cell’s production of self-destructive enzymes
It’s a mechanism by which organisms limit the growth and replication of cells.
Loss of apoptosis is one of the key mechanisms behind cancer.
PICTURE:

37. Cell division is uncontrolled in cancer.
Cancer cells form disorganized clumps called tumors.
Benign tumors
Remain clustered and can be removed.
Remain at the original site
Malignant tumors
metastasize, or break away, and can form more tumors.
Spread in the body
cancer cell
bloodstream
normal cell

38. Cancer cells do not carry out necessary functions.
Cancer cells come from normal cells with damage to genes involved in cell-cycle regulation.

39. Carcinogens - College Biology
Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer.
Carcinogens - College Biology

40. Cancer Treatment Surgery: Remove tumor(s)
Radiation & Chemotherapy: used to disrupt cell division
May have undesirable side effects
Standard cancer treatments typically kill both cancerous and healthy cells

41. FYI: Number of deaths for leading causes of death
Heart disease: 597,689 Risk factors: obesity, smoking, high blood pressure & cholesterol, and diabetes
Cancer: 574,743 Lung cancer causes the most deaths among men & women, followed in women by breast cancer
Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 138,080 smoking & second hand smoking
Stroke: 129,476 Risk factors: alcohol, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure & cholesterol, and diabetes
Occurs when the blood supply to an area of the brain is obstructed, causing brain cells to die
Accidents (unintentional injuries): 120,859
Alzheimer's disease: 83,494 It’s genetics; memory problems
Diabetes: 69,071 Risk factors: obesity, old age, a family history of diabetes and not exercising
abnormally high blood sugar levels, and can lead to kidney failure, blindness, heart disease
8. Nephritis and nephrotic syndrome: 50,476
Nephritis is the inflammation of the kidneys
Nephrotic syndrome is caused by different disorders that damage the kidneys
9. Influenza and Pneumonia: 50,097 caused by a virus; A seasonal flu shot can help prevent it
10. Intentional self-harm (suicide): 38,364

42. THE TEN LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH

43. Cancer Treatments: Radiation & Chemotherapy
What is cancer?
Cancer Treatments: Radiation & Chemotherapy

44. 5.5 Multicellular Life
KEY CONCEPT: Cells work together to carry out complex functions.

45. Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types.
vascular
tissue
leaf
stem
lateral
roots
primary
root
SYSTEMS
root system
shoot system
Tissues are groups of cells that perform a similar function.
Organs are groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function.
Organ systems are groups of organs that carry out similar functions.
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN

46. organ system cells  tissues  organs 
cells tissue organ organ system organism
Lung cell  Lung tissue  Lung  Respiratory System  Person

47. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/ks3/science/organis ms_behaviour_health/cells_systems/activity/

48. Specialized cells perform specific functions.
Cells develop into their mature forms through the process of cell differentiation.
Cells differ because different combinations of genes are expressed.
A cell’s location in an embryo helps determine how it will differentiate.
Outer: skin cells
Middle: bone cells
Inner: intestines

49. Stem cells are unique body cells.
Stem cells have the ability to
divide and renew themselves
remain undifferentiated in form
develop into a variety of specialized cell types

50. Stem cells come from adults and embryos.
Adult stem cells can be hard to isolate and grow.
The use of adult stem cells may prevent transplant rejection.
The use of embryonic stem cells raises ethical issues
Embryonic stem cells can be grown indefinitely in culture.
First, an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell in a petri dish. The egg divides, forming an inner cell mass. These cells are then removed and grown with nutrients. Scientists try to control how the cells specialize by adding or removing certain molecules.

51. The use of stem cells offers many currently realized and potential benefits.
Stem cells are used to treat leukemia and lymphoma.
Stem cells may cure disease or replace damaged organs.
Stem cells may revolutionize the drug development process.

52. Trachea Grown With Stem Cells
Stem cells in bone marrow are being used to treat EB
Bone Marrow Transplant-Mayo Clinic
Trachea Grown With Stem Cells