1. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique A mixed research team between INRA, INPT-ENSAT and Toulouse Veterinary Faculty of Science X. Fernandez (director) T. Gidenne (associated director) ‘Tissus Animaux, Nutrition, Digestion, Ecosystèmes et Métabolisme’ (‘TANDEM’) Animal tissues, nutrition, digestion, ecosystems and metabolism

2. Biological characteristics of edible tissues Controlling factors under studies Genetics Breeding strategies Slaughter stress Proteomics Protein expression, biomarkers Metabolomics Metabolic profiles Tissue structure & biochemistry Collaborations for gene expression The control of technological and sensory qualities of products from waterfowls Applied goals of research Research Group ‘Promété’ (Head : C. Molette) Proteomes, Metabolism and Quality Researches in the Promété group

3. Our main project 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 300400500600700800900 R²=0.33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 300400500600700800900 R²=0.33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 300400500600700800900 R²=0.33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 300400500600700800900 Liver weight (g) Fat loss (%) R²=0.33

4. Our main project 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 300400500600700800900 R²=0.33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 300400500600700800900 R²=0.33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 300400500600700800900 R²=0.33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 300400500600700800900 Liver weight (g) Fat loss (%) R²=0.33 1000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 400420440460480500520540560580600 Liver weight (g) R²=0.14 CV = 54 % 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 400420440460480500520540560580600 Fat loss (%) R²=0.14 CV = 54 % 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 400420440460480500520540560580600 R²=0.14 CV = 54 % 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 400420440460480500520540560580600 R²=0.14 CV = 54 % Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying the variability in te quality of french « Foie Gras »

5. Scientific approach A combined approach to characterize hepatic tissue… Proteomics 2-D electrophoresis Shot gun Structural characterization Structural histology Electron microscopy Metabolic profiling Triglycerides profiles Metabolomics

6. Structure coloration from « cryo-fixated » samples An exemple of structural characterization of fatty liver 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 High cooking yieldLow cooking yield Matrix rate a a b a a b a a b a a b 20 min post mortem After chilling After cooking Network extraction Computerized calculation of « matrix rate »

7. 20 µm 20 min post mortem After chilling After cooking  Small and spherical lipid droplets  Big and non spherical lipid droplets Another exemple of structural characterization of fatty liver Resine inclusions

8. The use of proteomics for the search of quality biomarkers Proteins from fatty liver Small proteins, soluble at low ionic strength 2-D electrophoresis and image analysis coupled with identification through mass spectrometry Heavier proteins, non soluble at low ionic strength Shot-gun strategy

9. The use of proteomics for the search of quality biomarkers pH Gradient : 5-8 Molecular weight Identification of spots showing differential expression according to liver quality Protein/peptides identification using mass spectrometry is currently running 2-D gel electrophoresis

10. The use of proteomics for the search of quality biomarkers Shot Gun Identification and semiquantification of proteins and peptides in different « strips »by mass spectrometry.......... Low cooking yield High cooking yield

11. The use of metabolomics for the search of quality biomarkers What can happen… What could apparently happen… The one who make it happening… What really happened …

12. The use of metabolomics for the search of quality biomarkers Metabolic profiling through NMR spectroscopy

13. Other projetcs Tissue and cellular targets ? Differential expression of quality biomarkers according to various pre-slaughter treatments Impact of reactivity to aversive stimulations ? Comparisons of different genotypes obtained from divergent selection on HPA response to restraint and suspension Pre-slaughter handling Stress responses Liver quality Effect of slaughter on product quality