1. Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
Chapter 9

2. Marine Reptiles

3. Skin covered with scales-prevents water loss
Eggs have leather shell to prevent water loss as well
Ectotherm-body temperature fluctuates with environment

4. Sea Turtles Only 8 species of sea turtles
Armor-like shell called a carapace
Carapace fused to backbone
Cannot retract head into shell
Legs are modified flippers

5. Leave water only to lay eggs-return to same location every 2-4 years
eggs laid at a time
Eggs hatch after about 60 days incubation
Eggs/young are easy prey

7. Sea Snakes Approximately 55 species of sea snakes Ovoviviparous
Carnivorous- fish/fish eggs
Closely related to cobras
Venomous bite

8. Rarely aggressive
Small mouth
Hunted for skin

9. Other Marine Reptiles
Marine Iguana-basks on rocks to warm up after a cold swim. Eats seaweed and can dive up to 33 ft.

11. Saltwater crocodile-lives along the coast or in mangrove swamps in the Indian Ocean, Australia, and some Pacific Islands. Among the most aggressive of marine animals- more feared than sharks.

15. Seabirds

16. Endotherms- constant body temperature
Waterproof feathers (oil glands) to conserve body heat
Nest on land but feed mostly at sea
Webbed feet
Some can fly

17. Penguins Flightless-wings are modified flippers Spectacular swimmers
Clumsy on land
Adapted to cold temperatures- layer of fat under skin; waterproof feathers
All but one of 18 species live in Antarctica

18. Galapagos penguin- equator
Larger penguins feed on fish/squid
Smaller feed mostly on krill
Male protects the egg for 64 days
Female feeds chick by regurgitating her food until about 5 1/2 months

20. Tubenoses
Tube-like nostrils
Beak curved at tip
Skillful fliers
Catch fish at surface or scavenge on dead birds/whales

21. Male/female faithful to each other
Incubation of young- 8 months

22. Pelicans Catch fish in pouch below beak
Cormorants- black, long necks, dive to pursue prey
Frigate birds- narrow wings, forked tails, catch prey from surface or force other birds to regurgitate fish in mid-air

24. Gulls Predators/scavengers
Eat fish, eggs, young, from garbage dumps, anything leftover from humans
Tern is a type of gull that hovers over prey before swallowing it whole.

26. Marine Mammals

27. Endotherms
Hair retains body heat
Viviparous
Has a placenta and mammary glands

28. Seals, Sea Lion, & Walruses
Pinnipeds
Have paddle shaped flippers for swimming
Rest/Breed on land
Predators (fish/squid)
Layer of blubber under skin acts as insulation, provides buoyancy, and is a food reserve

29. Males called bulls; females called cows
Main difference between a seal and sea lion- seal cannot move rear flippers forward
Walrus has large tusks and feeds on invertebrates, mainly clams

33. Sea Otters Smallest marine mammal Lack a layer of blubber
Dark brown fur attracts hunters
Became almost extinct until protected in 1911
Playful and intelligent

34. Spend most of time in water other than breeding and giving birth
Live around kelp
Eat clams, mussels, crabs, sea urchins, and fish

37. Manatees (Sea Cows) Front flippers only Gentle, peaceful
Live in groups
Strict vegetarians
Hunted for skin, meat, and oil
Reproduce slowly- 1 calf every 3 years
All 4 species in danger of extinction

39. Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises are in a group called the Cetaceans
Spend entire life in water
Breathe air- can drown
“warm blooded”
Produce milk for young

40. Front flippers only
Have a dorsal fin
Blubber provides insulation
Nostrils form a blowhole
About 90 species, other than 5 species of freshwater species

41. Two categories of cetaceans:
toothless, filter-feeding whales
toothed, carnivorous whales

42. Toothless, filter-feeding
better known as baleen whales
baleen is a flexible, fibrous plate that hangs from upper jaw

43. made of same material as hair and nails
feed by taking a mouthful of water and squeezing it through bristles- filter feed
largest animals on earth
two blowhole’s

44. blue whale is the largest whale of all- males average 80 ft and females 110 ft
other types of baleen whales- fin, humpback, right, bowhead, gray

45. Toothed, carnivorous teeth adapted for fish, squid, and other prey
teeth only used to catch prey- food is swallowed whole
one blowhole
largest of this group is the sperm whale

46. material from squid beaks found in stomach called ambergris- used in perfume
killer whale is black/white and has a taste for seals, penguins, sea otters, and even other whales

47. no confirmed cases of attacks on humans
Although small- dolphins and porpoises are whales

50. Dolphins/Porpoises:
Playful
Social
Easily trained
Travel in “pods”

51. Whaling- whale hunting:
In the 1600’s Europeans exploited whales
Harpooned from small open boats- In 1800’s harpoons were attached to explosives
Blubber provided oil for soap and lamps
Killed for meat

52. Whales have a very low reproductive rate (about 2-3 years) so this devastated the population
Some nations even developed ships that could process carcasses at sea.
Blue whales were a prime target. One whale yielded 9000 gallons of oil.

53. 80% of the whales caught were sexually immature
80% of the whales caught were sexually immature. This added to decreasing number.
nations developed the IWC (International Whaling Commission) to regulate over fishing
IWC set annual quotas for the # of whales to be killed

54. Demand for whale products decreased due to replacements, so in 1972 the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 banned all hunting of marine mammals.
The affects of whaling are still being felt.