1. Section 1: Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Chapter 15
The Atmosphere
Section 1: Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Section 2: Atmospheric Heating
Section 3: Global Winds and Local Winds
Section 4: Air Pollution
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2. Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Section 1
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Bellringer
List the ways that the atmosphere is different from outer space.
Write your list in your science journal.
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3. Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Section 1
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Objectives
Describe the composition of Earth’s atmosphere.
Explain why air pressure changes with altitude.
Explain how air temperature changes with atmospheric composition.
Describe the layers of the atmosphere.
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4. Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Section 1
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
The Composition of the Atmosphere
Nitrogen and Oxygen The atmosphere is made up mostly of nitrogen gas. The oxygen you breathe makes up a little more than 20% of the atmosphere.
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5. Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Section 1
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature
As Altitude Increases, Air Pressure Decreases The atmosphere is held around the Earth by gravity. Gravity pulls gas molecules in the atmosphere toward the Earth’s surface, causing air pressure.
Atmospheric Composition Affects Air Temperature Air temperature also changes as altitude increases.
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6. Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Section 1
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere
The Troposphere: The Layer in Which We Live The lowest layer of the atmosphere, which lies next to the Earth’s surface, is called the troposphere.
The Stratosphere: Home of the Ozone Layer The atmospheric layer above the troposphere is called the stratosphere.
The Mesosphere: The Middle Layer The mesosphere is the middle layer of the atmosphere. It is also the coldest layer.
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7. Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Section 1
Characteristics of the Atmosphere
Layers of the Atmosphere continued
The Thermosphere: The Edge of the Atmosphere The uppermost atmospheric layer is called the thermosphere.
The Ionosphere: Home of the Auroras In the upper mesosphere and the lower thermosphere, nitrogen and oxygen atoms absorb harmful solar energy. This area is called the ionosphere.
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8. Layers of the Atmosphere
Section 1
Layers of the Atmosphere
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9. Atmospheric Heating Bellringer Section 2
How is food heated in an oven? How is food heated on a range top?
Record your response in your science journal.
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10. Atmospheric Heating Objectives Section 2
Describe what happens to solar energy that reaches Earth.
Summarize the processes of radiation, conduction, and convection.
Explain the relationship between the greenhouse effect and global warming.
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11. Energy in the Atmosphere
Section 2
Atmospheric Heating
Energy in the Atmosphere
Radiation: Energy Transfer by Waves The Earth receives energy from the sun by radiation. Radiation is the transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves.
Conduction: Energy Transfer by Contact Thermal conduction is the transfer of thermal energy through a material.
Convection: Energy Transfer by Circulation Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas.
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12. Scattering, Absorption, and Reflection
Section 2
Scattering, Absorption, and Reflection
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13. Radiation, Conduction, and Convection
Section 2
Radiation, Conduction, and Convection
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14. Energy in the Atmosphere continued
Section 2
Atmospheric Heating
Energy in the Atmosphere continued
The Greenhouse Effect and Life on Earth The greenhouse effect, shown on the next slide, is the process by which gases in the atmosphere absorb thermal energy and radiate it back to Earth.
The Radiation Balance: Energy In, Energy Out The amount of energy Earth receives and the amount of energy returned to space must be approximately equal.
Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming Some scientists think that an increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may be the cause of global warming.
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15. The Greenhouse Effect Section 2
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16. Global Winds and Local Winds
Section 3
Global Winds and Local Winds
Bellringer
Write a poem about why the wind blows. Try to include a description of cause and effect.
Record your response in your science journal.
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17. Global Winds and Local Winds
Section 3
Global Winds and Local Winds
Objectives
Explain the relationship between air pressure and wind direction.
Describe global wind patterns.
Explain the causes of local wind patterns.
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18. Global Winds and Local Winds
Section 3
Global Winds and Local Winds
Why Air Moves
Air Rises at the Equator and Sinks at the Poles As the cold air sinks, it creates areas of high pressure around the poles. This cold polar air then flows toward the equator.
Pressure Belts Are Found Every 30º Convection cells are separated by pressure belts, bands of high and low pressure. Pressure belts are shown on the next slide.
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19. Pressure Belts Section 3
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20. Global Winds and Local Winds
Section 3
Global Winds and Local Winds
Why Air Moves, continued
The Coriolis Effect The apparent curving of the path of currents due to the Earth’s rotation is called the Coriolis effect.
This effect is shown on the next slide.
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21. The Coriolis Effect Section 3
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22. Global Winds and Local Winds
Section 3
Global Winds and Local Winds
Global Winds
Polar Easterlies The wind belts that extend from the poles to 60° latitude in both hemispheres are called the polar easterlies.
Westerlies The wind belts found between 30° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres are called the westerlies.
Trade Winds In both hemispheres, the winds that blow from 30° latitude almost to the equator are called trade winds.
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23. Global Winds and Local Winds
Section 3
Global Winds and Local Winds
Global Winds continued
The Doldrums The trade winds of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet in an area around the equator called the doldrums.
The Horse Latitudes At about 30° north and 30° south latitude, sinking air creates an area of high pressure. These areas are called the horse latitudes.
Jet Streams: Atmospheric Conveyor Belts The jet streams are narrow belts of high-speed winds that blow in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.
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24. Section 3
Global Winds
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25. Global Winds and Local Winds
Section 3
Global Winds and Local Winds
Local Winds
Unpredictable Winds Local winds generally move short distances and can blow from any direction.
Sea and Land Breezes The next slide illustrates how sea and land breezes are affected by temperature.
Mountain Breezes and Valley Breezes Mountain and valley breezes are other examples of local winds caused by an area’s geography.
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26. Sea and Land Breezes Section 3
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27. Air Pollution Bellringer Section 4
Examine the filter mask. Make a list of three situations in which one might wear such a mask.
Write your answers in your science journal.
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28. Air Pollution Objectives Section 4
Compare primary and secondary air pollution.
Identify the major sources of air pollution.
Explain the effects of an ozone hole.
List five effects of air pollution on the human body.
Identify ways to reduce air pollution.
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29. Air Pollution Primary Pollutants Section 4
What Are Primary Pollutants? Pollutants that are put directly into the air by human or natural activity are primary pollutants.
Primary Pollutants from Human Sources Primary pollutants from human sources include carbon monoxide, dust, smoke, and chemicals from paint and other substances.
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30. Air Pollution Secondary Pollutants Section 4
What Are Secondary Pollutants? Pollutants that form when primary pollutants react with other primary pollutants or with naturally occurring substances, such as water vapor, are secondary pollutants.
Formation of Smog Smog forms when ozone and vehicle exhaust react with sunlight, as shown in the next slide.
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31. Formation of Smog Section 4
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32. Sources of Human-Caused Air Pollution
Section 4
Air Pollution
Sources of Human-Caused Air Pollution
Industrial Air Pollution Many industrial plants and electric power plants burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce energy. Burning some types of coal without pollution controls can release large amounts of air pollution.
Indoor Air Pollution Sometimes, the air inside a building can be more polluted than the air outside. Sources of indoor air pollution are shown on the next slide.
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33. Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Section 4
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
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34. Air Pollution Acid Precipitation Section 4
Acid Precipitation and Plants Acid precipitation can cause the acidity of soil to increase. This process, called acidification, changes the balance of a soil’s chemistry and negatively affects plants.
The Effects of Acid Precipitation on Forests In some areas of the world, acid precipitation has damaged large areas of forest.
Acid Precipitation and Aquatic Ecosystems If acid precipitation increases the acidity of a lake or stream, aquatic plants, fish, and other aquatic organisms may die.
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35. Air Pollution The Ozone Hole Section 4
Thinning of the Ozone The thinning of the ozone layer creates an ozone hole.
Cooperation to Reduce the Ozone Hole A group of nations met in Canada and agreed to take action against ozone depletion. Even with the new agreement, it will take many years for the ozone hole to close.
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36. Air Pollution and Human Health
Section 4
Air Pollution
Air Pollution and Human Health
Exposure to Pollution Is Dangerous Daily exposure to small amounts of air pollution can cause serious health problems.
Long-Term Effects The long-term effects of air pollution, such as lung cancer, are particularly dangerous because they may not be noticed until many years after an individual has been exposed to pollutants.
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37. Cleaning Up Air Pollution
Section 4
Air Pollution
Cleaning Up Air Pollution
Controlling Air Pollution from Industry The Clean Air Act requires many industries to use pollution-control devices such as scrubbers.
The Allowance Trading System The Allowance Trading System is another initiative to reduce air pollution. In this program, the EPA establishes allowances for the amount of a pollutant that companies can release.
Reducing Air Pollution from Vehicles To reduce air pollution from vehicles, the EPA requires car makers to meet a certain standard for vehicle exhaust.
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38. The Movement of Ocean Water
Chapter 14
The Movement of Ocean Water
Concept Map
Use the following terms to complete the concept map on the next slide: radiation, pressure, mesosphere, atmosphere, nitrogen, troposphere, oxygen, thermosphere.
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Background name: HST-Presentation_blue.jpg,
Size:
Height: 7.52"
Width: 10.02"
Scale: 70%
Position on slide:
Horizontal - 0"
Vertical - 0"
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

39. Chapter 15
Concept Map
Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold
Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold
Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold
Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold
Bullets – navy
Copyright – white 12 points Arial
Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg
Size:
Height: 7.52"
Width: 10.02"
Scale: 70%
Position on slide:
Horizontal - 0"
Vertical - 0"
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

40. Chapter 15
Concept Map
Header first line (section#) – white 24 points Arial Bold
Header second line (title) – white 28 points Arial Bold
Title – navy 28 points Arial Bold
Body text – black 24 points Arial and Arial Bold
Bullets – navy
Copyright – white 12 points Arial
Background name: HST-Presentation_white.jpg
Size:
Height: 7.52"
Width: 10.02"
Scale: 70%
Position on slide:
Horizontal - 0"
Vertical - 0"
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.