1. Programming Paradigms for Concurrency Part 2: Transactional Memories Vasu Singh vasu.singh@ist.ac.at

2. Computing Ubiquitous Ever increasing performance! Everyone expects computers to get faster But, what triggers this perennial performance gain?

3. Moore's Law Number of transistors per chip doubles once every two years

4. Moore's Law Hoped to continue to until around 2015

5. However, To get more speed, a processor needs higher chip frequency too Around 2003, chip manufacturers hit the “heat wall” Heat wall: Further increase in frequency would destroy the processor due to excessive heating (heat dissipation is cubic in chip frequency) ‏

6. Alternative to a faster processor Instead of making one processor faster, add more processors (keeps heat low, and the processor green) But, how do we make a program faster with multiple processors? Do multiple things in parallel A paradigm shift! This course is about this paradigm shift

7. Writing Sequential Programs: Easy X = X + 1 ; Y = Y + 1 ; Z = Z + 1 Correctness: At the end of the program, the variables X, Y, and Z must be incremented by 1.

8. Writing Parallel Programs: Harder The programmer must divide work for different processors The workers are known as “threads” Examples: X := X + 1 || Y := Y + 1 X := X + 1 || X := X + 1

9. Correctness of Parallel Programs The effect of the program should be as if all threads executed sequentially When threads do not share data X:= X+1 || Y:=Y+1 At the end of the program X and Y should be incremented by 1 Easy to guarantee When threads share data X := X+1 || X:=X+1 At the end of the program X should be incremented by 2 Not so easy to guarantee: need to make sure that threads do not interfere

10. Concurrency Different threads may work on the same data Concurrency: How the threads should interact so that they do not produce unexpected results Two paradigms: Shared memory concurrency (Pavol and I) Message passing concurrency (Thomas) ‏ We focus on shared memory concurrency now

11. Synchronization Parallel programs demand synchronization: a discipline for the threads to access shared variables Lack of synchronization leads to errors, commonly known as “concurrency bugs” For example: in (X:=X + 1 || X:=X + 1), when X is initially 0, we can get X=1

12. Demo Sequential Bank Account Synchronized Parallel Bank Account Unsynchronized Parallel Bank Account

13. Lock based Synchronization While using locks, you have to guarantee a few more things: Mutual exclusion Starvation freedom Deadlock freedom

14. Alternative programmer-friendly technique The programmer marks program fragments as transactions Demo

15. Transactional memory A piece of hardware/software that guarantees that program fragments marked as “transactions” do execute atomically

16. How does a TM work? The threads executes transactions. The transactions interact with the hardware via the transactional memory. The transactional memory keeps track of all accesses in the different transactions. If accesses of two threads conflict, the TM aborts the transactions.

17. Problems with TM Hard work pays: Performance of your program may not scale as with fine-grained locking Speculative execution: Several I/O issues inside transactions (remember, transactions may abort, and so a transaction should not produce any output until it is sure to commit) And many more… That's what this course is for!

18. Course Outline November 11: History of TM (dates back to 1991!) November 18: Correctness properties in TM, Examples, STM November 25: Formal Semantics of transactional programs December 2: Performance issues in implementing STM

19. Projects Seminar based (Study a set of coherent papers and summarize in a presentation and a report) Implementation based Implementation: task-driven efficient TM Verification: model checking, runtime verification Contact me, and we decide together

20. Thank You