1. BoneS Chapter 5

2. Functions of the Bones Besides body shape and form there are several important body functions: Support: Bones, are the steel girds and reinforcement concrete of the body form. Supports organs. The legs as pillars to support the trunk and rib cage supports the thoracic wall.

3. Protection Bones protect soft body organs Fused bones of the skull provide a snug enclosure of the brain. Vertebrae surrond the spinal cord Rib cage helps protect the vital organs of the thorax

4. Movement Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levels to move the body and its parts. We can walk, swim, throw a ball, and breathe.

5. Imagine your bones turning to putty What problems could you envision with this arrangement?

6. Storage Fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Serves as a storehouse for minerals, most importantly calcium and phosphorous. Problems can occur with both too little and too much calcium storage. Hormones control the movement of calcium to and from the bones and blood according the the needs of the body. “Deposits” and “withdrawals” of calcium (and other materials) to and from bones go on almost all the time.

7. Blood cell formation Blood cell formation, or hemotopiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones.

8. Classification of bones Adult skeleton is composed of 206 bones. There are two types of osseous, or bone, tissue: Compact bone. Spongy bone.

9. Compact Bone Dense and looks smooth and homogeneous.

10. Spongy bone composed of small needlelike pieces. lots of open space.

11. Many Sizes and Shapes The unique shape of each bone fulfills a particular need. Bones are classified according to shape into four groups: Long Short Flat Irregular

12. Long Typically longer than they are wide. A shaft with heads at both ends. Mostly compact bone. All the bones of the limbs, except the wrist and ankle bones. ex: Humerus

13. Short Cube-shaped. Mostly spongy bone. Bone of the wrist and ankle. ex: carpals

14. Flat Thin, flattened and usually curved. Two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Bones of the skull, the ribs, and strernum.

15. Irregular Do not fit one of the previous categories. Vertebrae, which makes up the spinal column. Hip bones

16. Parts of the bone Periosteum. Compact bone. Spongy bone. Marrow (red- red cells producted and yellow- stored). yellow can convert into red

17. Orientation part of bone Epiphysis Diaphysis Articular cartilage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=inqWoakkiTc

18. Structure of a long bone Gross Anatomy Diaphysis, or shaft: makes up most of the bone’s length. Composed of compact bone. Covered and protected by a fibrous connective tissue membrane, called the periosteum.

19. Epiphyses, are the ends of the long bone. Consists of thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone. Articular cartilage, instead of periosteum covers its external surface. glassy hyaline cartilage, provides a smooth, slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces.

20. Microscopic Anatomy Osteocytes: mature bone cells, found within the lacunae.

21. http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=IzM_- 5YUVHQ&feature=pla yer_embedded

22. Fractures- any break in bone Break in bone. Body able to repair. Possible problem is not set by doctor.

23. Types of Fractures Simple: Bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate skin. Sometimes called a “closed” fracture.

24. Compound: Broken ends of the bone protrude through soft tissues and the skin. An open fracture. More serious than a simple fracture; may result in a severe bone infection, requiring massive doese of antibiotics.

25. Compound

26. Types of fractures Comminuted: Breaks into fragments. Bone is crushed. Common in porous bones.

27. Depressed: Broken bone portion is pressed inward. Typical of skull fracture.

28. Types of Fractures Impacted: Broken ends are wedged or forced together (blunt force- car accident). Commonly occurs when one falls with outstretched arms; also common in hip fractures.

29. Spiral: Result of twisting bone; rough edges (most common with sports fractures- too much torch force, and energy

30. Greenstick: Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. Common in children, whose bones have relatively more collagen in their matrix and more more flexible than those of adults.

31. Fracture Video http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=P5HwY WShBhw&feature=re lmfu

32. Epiphyseal line The epiphyseal line is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate

33. epiphyseal plate A flat plate of hyaline cartilage, seen in young, growing bones. Causes: the lengthwise growth of a long bone. At the end of puberty, when hormones stop long growth.

34. Skull Formation http://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=p- 3PuLXp9Wg&featur e=endscreen