2. 《高级英语》 精品课程 第一册 绍兴文理学院元培学院

3. Lesson Fourteen Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U. S. S. R.

4. Teaching Objectives 1) know the background of the speech delivery; 2) understand the structure and grasp the main idea of the text; 3) master the language points in the lesson; 4) appreciate the skills and rhetorical devices of making a good speech; 5) conduct a series of discussing, analyzing, presenting activities related to the theme of this speech.

5. Lead-in Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion What do you know about Winston Churchill?

6. Winston Spencer Churchill (1874---1965)  British statesman  Prime Minister of the United Kingdom two terms (1940-45, 1951-55)  an officer in the British Army  orator  a historian  a Nobel Prize-winning writer  an artist

7. Family and early life Nickname: “Winnie” Family father: a politician mother: the daughter of an American millionaire one brother He had 1 son and 4 daughters. Education: Harrow and Royal Military College, Sandhurst 英国陆军军官 学校 ( 在桑德赫斯特 ) Maiden Speech: 18 February 1901 in the debate on the King's Speech on the Boer War 布尔战争 (Boer War) 是英国人和布尔人之 间为了争夺南非殖民地而展开的战争。

8. Independent & rebellious Good at English and history the school's fencing champion. "speech impediment" After many years, he finally stated, "My impediment is no hindrance.“ Churchill's mannerisms while making speeches.

9. Service in the Army 1895, Second Lieutenant in the 4th Queen's Own Hussars volunteer soldier & war correspondent Cuba, India, Sudan, South Africa Churchill in military uniform in 1895

10. 1900, the House of Commons 1904, joined the Liberals 1908, a member of Lord Asquith’s cabinet 1911, First Lord of the Admiralty （海军大臣） However, he was blamed for failed Dardanelles Campaign, in1915, he lost his Admiralty post 1917,returned to the government, first as Minister of Munitions( 军需大臣 ),then as Minister of War. Young Politician

11.  3 September 1939 the day Britain declared war on Germany, Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and a member of the War Cabinet.  May,1940,Prime Minister  To unite Soviet to fight against Germany  June,1941,delivered an speech after Germany’ invasion to the Soviet. June,1941,delivered an speech after Germany’ invasion to the Soviet.  Attended some important international conferences.  brought Britain to victory against Germany on the 8th of May, 1945. World War II

12. Last years  1951,he served four years as a peacetime Prime Minister.  Frustrated and in poor health, he resigned in 1955, aged 81.  Following his death in 1965, Churchill's body lay in state for 3 days at Westminster Hall before his state funeral.

13. Churchill as a historian and writer Works: over 25 stories, biographies and histories  《马拉坎德远征史》 The Story Of The Malakand Field Force   《河上战争》 The River War  《世界危机》 The World Crisis  《马尔巴罗的生平与时代》 Marlborough: His Life And Times  《第二次世界大战回忆录》 The Second World War  《英语民族史》 A History Of The English-Speaking Peoples In 1953 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

14. Churchill as an artist painting impressionist scenes of landscape( 印象派 )

15. World War II Aug. 1939: Russia-Germany non-aggression pact Sept. 1, 1939: German invasion of Poland Sept. 3, 1939: France and Britain declared war on Germany, officially beginning World War II

16. World War II June 22, 1940: France surrendered. Aug-Oct. 1940: The Battle of Britain Jun 22. 1941: German invasion of the Soviet Union.

17. World War II Dec. 7, 1941: Pearl Harbour Sept. 1943: the Allies conquered Sicily and South Italy. Italy surrendered. May 7. 1945: Germany surrendered unconditionally. Aug. 14, 1945: Japan announced its surrender.

18. Map with the Participants in World War II: Dark Green: Allies before the attack on Pearl Harbor, including colonies and occupied countries. Light Green: Allied countries that entered the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Blue: Axis Powers Gray: Neutral countries during WWII

20. The western front The troops of the German smashed all enemy resistance and defeated French which made the British fighting by themselves.

21. The eastern front 1941. Time:1941.6.22---- 1945.5.8 Turning point: the battle for the defense of Stalingrad

22. StructureStructure Main idea: Churchill’s speech Main idea: Introductory remarks Part II: Para. 7-13Part I: Para. 1-6 Global Reading Subsection 1: Paras.1-2 Background information given by Churchill Subsection 2: Paras.3-6 Account by Colville Subsection 1: Paras.7-9 Justification of the policy Subsection 2: Para.10 Declaration of his decision Subsection 3: Paras.11-13 Calling for a united effort and strength to crush Nazi

23. General questions on Part I 1. Where was the text taken from? From Churchill’s works ‘The Second World War, Vol.III) 2. When and how did the Germans attack the Soviet Union? Sunday, Jun 22. on an enormous front by air. (as it did to Poland) 3. Why were the Soviet Union troops surprised? In March 193, Britain and France started talks with the Soviet Union on possible cooperation against Fascist Germany… In order to protect itself, the Soviet Union signed the Non-aggression Pact with Hitler’s Germany on August 23. then Soviet Union had a war with Finland.

24. What background information is mentioned in paras.1-2 ? Detailed Reading of Part I time: on the morning of Sunday, the 22nd of June, 1941 messenger: General Dill detailed news: invaded Russia on…front; surprised …forces; driving forward with rapidity & violence; they will be rounded up in hordes; response: to compose the statement and it will be broadcast at 9 that night supporting details

25. What background information is mentioned in paras.3-6 ? Detailed Reading of Part I Cause: during dinner at Chequers; count on enlisting… position: go all out to help Russia; not bowing down in the House of Rimmon at all; only one purpose--- the destruction of Hitler; make a favourable reference to time: He got the news from F.O. at 4 a.m., June 22, and postponed telling him till 8 a.m. response: He will broadcast at 9 that night; Prepare the speech from 11 a.m. to 8:40 p.m. supporting details

26. Names and terms Sir Winston Spencer Churchill—Prime Minister 首相 First Lord of the Treasury 财政大臣 Minister of Defense 国防大臣 Leader of the Opposition 反对党领袖 General Dill—British field marshal, 陆军元帅 Chief of the Imperial General Staff 总参谋长 Robert Anthony Eden– Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 外交大臣 Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs 自治领大臣 Secretary of State for War 战争事务大臣 leader of the House of Commons 下议院 (the House of Lords) 上议院 (Cabinet--important parliamentarians) 内阁 (Cabinet ministers are appointed by the Sovereign) Lord Beaverbrook—Minister of Aircraft Production, of Supplies 飞机生产大 臣和供应大臣 Sir Stafford Cripps—British Ambassador to Moscow 英国驻莫斯科大使 Edward Bridges—Secretary of the Cabinet ( 内阁大臣 )

27. British Empires—the United Kingdom plus her colonies and protectorates ( 领地或受保护国 ) Chequers ( 伦敦郊外 ) 旧英国首相乡间别墅〔 1917 年捐赠给国 家〕。 : the official country seat of the prime minister of Great Britain, 35 miles of NW of London Dominion ( 自治领） —a self-governing member of the British Commonwealth of Nations, before 1939, they referred to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc., the word ‘dominion’ was no longer used after 1947. Commonwealth of Nations （英联邦） : a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and her former colonies but now independent nations. Even though Britain granted its colonial territories independence, it continued to feel close and connected to each other as they shared similar histories, laws, economic concerns and cultural experiences. The commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth : many of these are developing countries in Africa, the Caribbean and the South Pacific; others are advanced industrial nations like Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In addition to holding conferences and meetings, the Commonwealth provides educational and teaching help. Two-thirds of British development aid goes to Commonwealth countries.

28. Focus on words and expressions Para 1: General Dill, who had hastened down from London… …had surprised a large portion of…grounded on the airfields… they will be rounded up in hordes Para 4: Hitler was counting on enlisting capitalist and Right Wing sympathies in this country …Winant said the same would be true of the U.S.A Para 5: …he reverted to this theme I asked whether for him, the arch anti-Communist, this was not bowing down in the House of Rimmon (note 10) …If Hitler invaded Hell I would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons. Para 6: by a telephone message from the F.O. to the effect that …

29. Down go up to the north, go down to the south go up to London, go down from London, to the beach, town, 北上抗日, 南下干部, 上山下乡, 下基层, 上访, 走上层路线 Count on…rely on He was counting on my support, but I disappointed him. My plan of going abroad counts on my having high marks on TOFLE test. She is a person who can be counted on in times of troubles. enlist (vi) --join the army Many men enlisted for the defense of their country. He enlisted when he was eighteen. (vt)--to enroll sb in the army (vt), to take sb. in an activity. They are not enlisting men over 35. The mayor tried to enlist every citizen in the clean-up campaign. (vt)--to win support and help from we need to enlist the sympathy and help from more rich people so that they can donate more. Many people lost their homes in the flood. We are trying to enlist more help in collecting money for them.

30. The Right Wing: the more conservative or reactionary section of a political party,etc. 左倾, 极左份子, 这人太左了点 ; 右倾, The same is true of… true as regards; true concerning 德语的语法很复杂, 俄语也一样。 German grammar is very complicated. The same is true of Russia. 上海的交通安全很拥挤, 特别是在高峰期. 全世界的大城市都一样。 Traffic in Shanghai is quite heavy, especially in the rush hour. The same is true of the big cities all over the world. to that effect –with the general meaning 大意为 … She said she hated French, or words to that effect. If you think that the matter should be more fully discussed, I will send him a letter to that effect. She called him a coward or words to that effect. A rumor was spread around to the effect that the firm was in financial difficulties. He left a note to the effect that he would not be returning

31. Textual structure of the Speech Section 1 (1-2) : Justification of standing by Russia (exposing German cruelty and praising Russian heroism) Section 2 (3-4) : Declaration of the English policy and position (determination) Section 3 (5-6) : Calling for a united front (exposing Hitler’s purpose and explaining the necessity of forming a united front against Nazi Germany)

32. Section 1 (1-2) – Justification of standing by Russia Analyze the logical arrangement of the section: 1)Communism is as bad as the Nazi. 2)The bravery of the Soviets win our sympathy and our support. 3)The ferocity and atrocity of the Nazi cause our hatred. 1. According to Churchill, what did communism have in common with the Nazi? It is indistinguishable from the worst features of Communism: It is devoid of all theme and principle except appetite and racial domination. It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of its cruelty and ferocious aggression.

33. Words and expressions distinguished – well-known 著名的，卓越的，突出的 He is distinguished for his knowledge of economics. distinguishable -- that can be distinguished （可区分开的） Tom is hardly distinguishable from his twin brother. indistinguishable -- that can not be distinguished （不可区分开的） Those two objects are indistinguishable from each other. The material is indistinguishable from real silk, but much cheaper. The copy was indistinguishable from the original. The sign was indistinguishable in the fog. devoid of :completely without; empty of 完全没有 The house is totally devoid of furniture. He is completely devoid of humor. The judge was devoid of sympathy when I presented my case.

34. appetite: very strong desire The long walk before meals always gives you a good appetite. She ate slowly, without appetite. Don’t eat anything that will spoil your appetite for dinner. He has an enormous appetite for classical music. The company has a big appetite for the market. appetizing （引起食欲的）, appetizer ( 开胃酒 ) excel in sth.: surpass all others, better, greater than others He excels in music and art. She excels as a teacher of dancing. John excels all of us in spelling.

35. No one has been a more consistent opponent of Communism than I have … 没有人比我更了解这种痛苦了。 没有比这更热情的接待了。 No one knows this kind of pain better than I do. No reception has been warmer than this one. I will unsay no word that I have spoken about it. I will not take back a single word of what I have said about Communism. ‘that’ apposition clause un+say: take back what has been said; do – undo ; lock -- unlock ; pack – unpack All this fades away before the spectacle which is now unfolding The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.

36. I see the Russian soldiers standing on the threshold of their native land, guarding the fields where their fathers have tilled from time immemorial. I see them guarding their homes where mothers and wives pray for the safety of their loved ones, the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector. I see the ten thousand villages of Russia where the means of existence is wrung so hardly from the soil, but where there are still primordial human joys, where maidens laugh and children play. I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking, heel-clicking, dandified Prussian officers, its crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing and tying down of a dozen countries. I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts. I see the German bombers and fighters in the sky, still smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find what they believe is an easier and a safer prey. (Behind all this glare, behind all this storm) I see that small group of villainous men who plan, organize, and launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind.

37. Analyze the seven ‘I see’ The former three I sees create a happy, harmonious, idyllic, tender picture Men for strong, manly protection.: Mothers and wives for tenderness, love and warmth Maidens (girls) laugh ‘the most joyful sound of the world’ Children play stands for ‘innocent, naïve world’ Churchill has picked out the most representative figures Churchill used many literary words to make his speech sound serious and elegant, formal from time immemorial (extending back beyond record or memory) means of existence wrung (get by force, persistence) so hardly from the soil, primordial ( fundamental, original) human joys Why did Churchill put the seventh I see in another paragraph? to emphasize to show that the real criminals are a few men who plan and organize the war What figures of speech have been used in these I see’s? parallelism, alliteration, simile, metaphor, onomatopoeia, irony

38. The latter four I sees portray a disgusting image of the Nazi Subjects Behavior Nazi war machine in hideous onslaught clanking, heel-clicking, dandified officers cowing and tying down of crafty expert agents a dozen countries dull, drilled, docile brutish masses of plodding on like a swarm of the Hun soldiery crawling locusts bombers and fighters smarting from many a British whipping, delighted to find an easier and safer prey villainous men plan, organize, launch this cataract of horrors upon mankind

39. Words and expressions cow down—to intimidate, to frighten sb, to obey. e cowed his soldiers into obedience. The naughty boy was about to throw the stone to the window, then he was cowed by the sight of a policemen. The smaller boys were cowed by the class bully. coward, cowardly smarting: feel a sharp stinging pain and resentment 我的腿被蜜蜂蛰伤了。 我受到母亲的责备而感到难受。 你这样胡来一定会自食其果的。 My leg smarted from the bee sting. I smarted from my mother’s reproach. You shall smart for your foolishness.

40. Section 2 (paras 3-4)—declaration of the policy Textual arrangement 1) declaration of English policy 2) declaration of English determination 3) stating the nature of the war, which needs support from other countries.

41. How was Churchill’s declaration made? Reasonably, timely: It is the decision of His Majesty's Government; it is a decision in which the great Dominions will in due course concur; we must speak out now at once, without a day's delay. Firmly, decidedly: Repetition: one aim and one single, irrevocable... We are resolved to destroy Hitler & every vestige… From this nothing will turn us – nothing. Parallelism: We will never parley, negotiate... We shall fight him by land, by sea, in the air... Any man or state who fight against, marches with... we shall give...,We shall appeal to …, as we shall faithfully and steadfastly.... It was made…

42. What requests or calls were made? This is a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged; We’ll never have the slightest divergence of aims or slackening of effort; we shall be fortified and encouraged, strengthened and not weakened… Don’t make follies as those which could have saved themselves; The invasion of Russia is nothing but a prelude to an invasion of Britain and other countries in Western Hemisphere; The Russian danger is therefore our danger, and the danger of the United States; The cause of any Russian fighting for his hearth and home is the cause of free men and free peoples in every quarter of the globe; Let us learn the lessons already taught by such cruel experience. Let us redouble our exertions, and strike with united strength while life and power remain. specific details

43. Figures of speech: parallel, balanced structure, antithesis We must speak out now at once, without a day’s delay. We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. We are resolved to destroy Hitler and every vestige of the Nazi regime. From this nothing will turn us – nothing. We will never parley, we will never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang. We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. We have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke. Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will be our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe. That is our policy and that is our declaration. We shall be fortified and encouraged in our efforts to…. We shall be strengthened and not weakened in determination and in resources.

44. Words and expressions due: suitable, fitting, proper 适当的, 应得的 After due consideration, he decided to accept the position. He has his due reward. I shall answer all your questions in due course/time. 在适当的时候 To be paid 到期 ( 应偿付, 付给或举行 ) The final payment is due. My salary is due tomorrow. I want to renew this book. It is due today. Appointed or agreed, expected (for a certain time or date) 定于 ( 某时 ) 到达 The plane is due at 4:15 this afternoon. I am due at the theatre in 15 minutes. Due to : that may be ascribed or attributed to ( 由于, 归功于 ) The accident was due to his careless drive. Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences. Due to the change, the planned visit to the museum has been cancelled. Give sb. his due 公道对待, 给以应得的赞扬. I don’t like him, but, to give him his due, he is a good singer.

45. rid the earth of his shadow…; liberate its people from his yoke. rid a place or person of something undesirable or unwanted—to remove it completely. 这个国家正在努力摆脱贫困和饥饿 你为啥不能摆脱掉那些忧虑呢？ 这些措施能够帮助这个国家消除政治腐败 The country is making great efforts to rid itself of poverty and hunger. Why couldn’t you red yourself of all those thoughts and worries? These measures can help rid the country of political corruption.

46. yoke—a piece of wood which is tied across the necks of two animals such as oxen, in order to make them walk close together when they are pulling a plough. 牛轭 (fig): under the control of, usu. referring to living in a difficult or unhappy state. People are suffering under the yoke of slavery. The son finally fled to London to escape from the parental yoke. (fig.): to be forced to be closely linked together to each other. e.g. Farmers and politicians are yoked by money ad votes.

47. Engage; engagement be engaged in…: be busy with 从事 … ，忙于 … He was busily engaged in the research work. It is a hard and long struggle we are engaged in. At this moment he was engaged in a very heated argument with his boss. engage in (vi) (engage…in) vt. (take part in an activity) If you engage in local politics, you cannot expect to have much time for your family. The old lay engaged herself in making clothes for her grandchildren. I always engage my students in an extensive practice of English. engage upon (start a new profession) After twenty years of teaching, I decided to engage upon a new profession. be engaged (busy) You cannot see Mr. Black. He is engaged right now. My time is fully engaged with my administrative work. I phoned John last night, but the number was engaged. be engaged to sb. We’re engaged, Martin and I I find him quite boring. I want to break our engagement.

48. Diverge: be different His ideas increasingly diverged from those of his colleagues. As a result, he became more and more isolated and lonely. When the aims of the partners begin to diverge, there’s trouble. Needless to say, theory and practice sometimes diverge. divergence: a difference between two or more things, attitudes, or opinions, a formal word 周末去什么地方郊游, 全班意见都不一致 There’s a divergence of opinion within the class as to where to go for an outing this weekend. The report reveals wide divergences between the financial states of the students. divergent: different. Two people who have divergent views on life can hardly make a happy family.

49. slacken: slack: adj. if something is slack, it is loose and not firmly stretched or tightly in position. slack rope/bandage/muscles/ slack and wrinkled skin. If someone is slack, he is not working as hard and strictly as he should 松懈的，马虎的， a slack student He is very slack about (in) getting his work done. a slack period is one in which there isn’t much work or activity. a slack farming season 农闲季节 a slack business season 生意清淡的季节 a slack market 市场疲软 slacken: (to make) (become) slower, less active, less intense His business slackens in winter. Now slacken your legs and lie down. We should not slacken our pace of social reform. Although you have won the first prize in the competition, you’d better not slacken your effort and strive for a higher aim.

50. It is not for me to speak of… If …imagines that …., he is woefully mistaken. This is no class war, but a war in which…,without distinction of race, creed, or party. 1. 这仅是我的个人意见, 至于委员会的意见我无权代为宣言. 2. 如果你以为你杀了人还可以逍遥法外的话, 你就大错特错了. 3. 如果他以为这点困难就能使我们放松努力, 那他就错了. 4. 这不是一场阶级战争, 而是一场全国人民共同参加的, 不分男女老少、不分 宗教信仰或政党派别的抵抗外国侵略者的全民战争。 This is my personal opinion. It is not for me to speak of the position of the committee. If you imagine that you can go away unpunished after having murdered someone, you are woefully mistaken. If he imagines that such little difficulties will slacken our efforts, he is terribly mistaken. This is no class war, but a war against foreign invaders in which the whole country is engaged, without distinction of sex, age, creed, or party

51. Section 3 (paras 5-6)—Calling for a united front Logical arrangement of this section 1. the follies and consequences of not being united: to be struck down one by one. 2. Hitler’s strategy and plan 3. the necessity of a united front How did Churchill refer to USA’s position each time? -- It is not for me to speak of the action of the United States, but this I will say. (pp4) -- …before the Fleet and sir-power of the United States may intervene (pp5) -- The Russian danger is therefore our danger, and the danger of the United States (pp6)

52. Vocabulary and structure follies…which have allowed themselves to be struck down one by one… Hateful appetites which have impelled or lured him on his Russian … He wishes to destroy the Russian power because he hopes that if he succeeds in this he will be able to bring back the main strength of …and hurl it upon, which he knows he must conquer or suffer the penalty... He hopes that all this may be accomplished …, and that he can overwhelm Great Britain before … He hopes that he may once again repeat…, and that then the scene will … The scene will be clear for the final act ( metaphor) Fighting for his hearth and home (alliteration) Let us learn the lessons…, Let us redouble out exertions…(repetition, Biblical style)

53. Lure: to attract or entice, or to trick …by temptation Many young engineers have been lured to go abroad by the promise of high wages. 在给予高薪的许诺的诱惑下，许多年轻的工程师去了国外。 You can lure the animal out of its hole by putting down a tasty piece of food nearby. I’ve heard too many tales of bright young workers being lured away to find their position changed for the worse. Lure (n.) (U) (C) He was attracted by the lure of large profits. The lure of gold caused them to explore the country. He left home because of the lures of life of the city. The sale on television sets was just a lure to get customers into the store.

54. Namely: that is, that is to say Only one person can do the job, namely you. I am pleased with only one boy, namely Jack. There are three colors in the British flag, namely red, white and blue. Arabic is written in the opposite direction to English, namely from right to left. The means of production, namely factories, mines and land should be owned by the state.

55. Subjugate…to…: to conquer (by war) or to enslave They succeeded in subjugating all the surrounding kingdoms. Their costly and futile attempt to subjugate the Afghans lasted just 10 years. She dominated him and subjugated his will completely. It is our aim to subjugate our foe; we are interested only in establishing peaceful relations. subjugation to free women from their subjugation to the eternal drudgery of the kitchen 把妇女从无休止的厨房操劳中解脱出来

56. interfere vs. intervene Interfere: （ of a person or persons): enter into something without wight or invitation, or intending to hinder or obstruct; :get involved in a situation although it does not concern them and their involvement is not wanted. I wish everyone would stop interfering and just leave me alone. The UN cannot interfere in the internal affairs of any country. He sought to defend the autonomy of the universities form government interference. Intervene: come between,esp. so as to modify or prevent a result : get involve in a situation and try to change it. The situation calmed down when police intervened. The role of the United States and its intervention in the internal affairs of many countries; military interventions

57. Post Reading of the Text Rhetorical Devices 1. Alliteration: the use of several words together that begin with the same sound or letter in order to make a special effect, especially in poetry. 头韵  dull, drilled, docile...  for his hearth and home  with its clanking, heel-clicking... 2. Assonance: the use of the same or similar, vowel sounds in successive words 谐音、类韵：相同或相似元音的重复。  cowing and tying...plodding on like crawling locusts,...smarting from many a British whipping...  easier and safer prey e.g.

58. Post Reading of the Text Rhetorical Devices 3. Repetition: emphasis 反复  We have but one aim and one single purpose  nothing will turn us---nothing  We will never parley, we will never negotiate...  This is our policy and this is our declaration  as we shall faithfully and steadfastly 4. metaphor: compares two different things by speaking of one in terms of the other.  They will be rounded up in hordes.  I see Russian soldiers standing on the threshold...  Means of existence is wrung from the soil...  Metaphor: cataract of horrors  rid the earth of his shadow...liberate people from his yoke  The scene will be clear for the final act. e.g. practice

59. Post Reading of the Text Rhetorical Devices 5. parallelism: Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in importance. Parallelism also adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence.  The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies...  I see,...I see...  the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector  We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air  Any man or state... any man or state...  Let us... Let us... e.g.

60. Post Reading of the Text Writing Four types of speech: 1. Informative speech （传递信息型） --to convey information, to teach audience how to do something. --techniques: discussion/explanation/description/illustration --styles: clarity, simplicity 2. Persuasive speech ( 劝说型 ) --to influence or change audience’s feelings and beliefs, to exhort them to take action. --techniques: intellectual, logical, emotional appeal, used by lawyer, candidate for office, whoever argues for or against a proposal, an opinion, or a new theory. --based on facts, statistics, logical reasoning

61. Post Reading of the Text Writing 3. Entertaining speech ( 娱乐型 ) --to interest, entertain, amuse audience rather than arouse serious response --on festive occasions: party, dinner, stories, humorous remarks 4. Stimulating speech （激励型） --to stimulate, to impress --to reinforce the beliefs or attitudes of the audience, appealing to emotion rather than logic or information. Memorial services, inauguration ceremonies, anniversaries, solemn celebrations) Rarely is a speech purely any of the above.

62. Post Reading of the Text Writing Components of public speaking : 1. Introduction — to make known the topic and the purpose of a speech. It usually has a few sentences of introductory materials, telling the audience what the speaker is going to talk about. It also intends to arouse the audience’s interest, attention/ or giving background 2. Body— to support and develop the topic; to fulfill the purpose stated in the introduction by presenting reasons, examples and other supporting materials; usu. Subsections, with topic sentence each. 3. Conclusion —summary of the theme, often with calls.

63. Post Reading of the Text Writing parallel and balanced structures; repetition ; antithesis for force,vividness and emotional appeal. The object of a political speech is to explain, convince and persuade the people that what he is saying and planning to do best represents their interests so they should support him. Thank you for your listening! Common figures of speech used in a speech