1. Political Ideologies Auguste Rodin, Le Penseur (1902/1904)

2. This week General remarks on ideology General remarks on ideology Liberalism Liberalism Conservatism Conservatism Socialism and its offshoots Socialism and its offshoots Feminism Feminism

3. General remarks on ideology A vision for society A vision for society Ideas of the common good Ideas of the common good Foundation for legitimate authority Foundation for legitimate authority The relationship of the person to the group The relationship of the person to the group 4 warnings 1. American use of the words “liberalism” or “liberal” is wrong 2. You can’t be totally non-ideological 3. Political parties’ names: not always accurate 4. No one subscribes fully to one ideology

4. 1. Liberalism

5. Historical context of liberalism A long process A long process Opposition to absolutism Opposition to absolutism illegitimacy of king/queen rule illegitimacy of king/queen rule seeks legitimate foundation for authority seeks legitimate foundation for authority Importance of the individual Importance of the individual by nature free, rational & good by nature free, rational & good capable of self-government capable of self-government source of legitimacy source of legitimacy Some important events Magna Carta signing, 1215 Glorious Revolution, 1688 American Revolution, 1776 French Revolution, 1789

6. Political liberalism Limited government Limited government Limited by law (the constitution) Limited by law (the constitution) For the few (at first) to almost everyone (today) For the few (at first) to almost everyone (today) 6 John Locke, 1632-1704 David Hume, 1711-1776 Civil rights ConscienceConscience SpeechSpeech AssociationAssociation PropertyProperty EqualityEquality Political rights Choosing rulersChoosing rulers Equality of the voteEquality of the vote Secret of the voteSecret of the vote Running for officeRunning for office

7. Economic liberalism Private property Private property Personal profit-seeking Personal profit-seeking Business competition Business competition “No taxation without representation” “No taxation without representation” Free labour* Free labour* 7 Adam Smith, 1723-1790 David Ricardo, 1772-1823

8. Classical liberalism and reform liberalism Classical liberalism Negative freedomNegative freedom Freedom from constraintsFreedom from constraints Especially from the stateEspecially from the state Equality of rights in law sufficientEquality of rights in law sufficient Limited state interventionLimited state intervention Not necessarily democraticNot necessarily democratic Reform liberalism Positive freedomPositive freedom Freedom to achieveFreedom to achieve Social impacts of industrialization (1800s) & Great Depression (1930s)Social impacts of industrialization (1800s) & Great Depression (1930s) Equality of chancesEquality of chances Some state interventionSome state intervention Enabling those most disadvantagedEnabling those most disadvantaged Universal suffrageUniversal suffrage T H Green, 1836-1882

9. 2. Classical conservatism

10. Historical context of conservatism A reaction to A reaction to liberalism & individualism liberalism & individualism the French Revolution, 1789 the French Revolution, 1789 industrialisation & mechanization industrialisation & mechanization Fear of dislocation of society Fear of dislocation of society The role of Christianity: between Man’s goodness & Man’s original sin The role of Christianity: between Man’s goodness & Man’s original sin Edmund Burke, 1729-1797

11. The importance of the natural order Society is part of nature (Creation) Society is part of nature (Creation) Society is organic Society is organic A moral order A moral order duties: obedience & charity duties: obedience & charity moral absolutes moral absolutes law, order & punishment law, order & punishment Tradition provides guidelines Tradition provides guidelines

12. Inequality is natural Birth-right Birth-right Different social orders Different social orders To each its own function & duties in the natural order To each its own function & duties in the natural order Forced equality can be tyrannical Forced equality can be tyrannical King & high clergy Nobility & lower clergy God and/or Pope Subjects King & high clergy Nobility & lower clergy God and/or Pope Serfs (peasants) WEALTH ECONOMICSPOLITICS POWER& AUTHORIT AUTHORITY

13. Neo-conservatism: combining conservatism & liberalism Accepts individualism & capitalism Accepts individualism & capitalism More emphasis on duties than rights More emphasis on duties than rights Social conservatism Social conservatism Accepts inequality Accepts inequality Demand deference to authority Demand deference to authority

14. 3. Socialism and its offshoots

15. Historical context Karl Marx, 1818-1883 Friedrich Engels,1820-1895 Mid-1800s onward Mid-1800s onward Full blown capitalism in Britain Full blown capitalism in Britain Expanding capitalism in Europe & world Expanding capitalism in Europe & world Exploitation of workers Exploitation of workers

16. Economics drives politics Social & political institutions grow out of the economic system Social & political institutions grow out of the economic system History is a succession of modes of production History is a succession of modes of production slavery slavery feudalism feudalism capitalism (the current period) capitalism (the current period) communism (the end of history) communism (the end of history) In each period there is a conflict between two social classes In each period there is a conflict between two social classes

17. History as class struggle The last conflict is now The last conflict is now Employers (bourgeoisie) owns capitalowns capital hires workershires workers puts capital & labour together  productputs capital & labour together  product sold for profit by ownersold for profit by owner Workers (proletariat) have only labourhave only labour try to find worktry to find work sell labour power for wagesell labour power for wage must provide for self & familymust provide for self & family no control over own lifeno control over own life

18. Ideology & the institutions* Liberalism: the ideology of the bourgeoisie Liberalism: the ideology of the bourgeoisie Illusion of equality & freedom Illusion of equality & freedom Church, family & school promote social stability & ideology of the bourgeoisie Church, family & school promote social stability & ideology of the bourgeoisie Government “is nothing but the committee for the management of the common affairs of the bourgeoisie” Government “is nothing but the committee for the management of the common affairs of the bourgeoisie” ChurchFamilySchool Gov.Administration Laws & courts Police & military Mode of production Mode of production Social institutions Social institutions Bourgeoisie PoliticalinstitutionsPoliticalinstitutions vs. proletariat Capitalist economic system * See last slide for a definition of “institution”

19. Offshoot 1: communism Overthrow of the bourgeois state (Russian Revolution, 1917; Chinese Revolution of 1949) Overthrow of the bourgeois state (Russian Revolution, 1917; Chinese Revolution of 1949) Government control of the economy Government control of the economy Political repression Political repression Propaganda & ideological reeducation Propaganda & ideological reeducation In time: disappearance of the state(!) In time: disappearance of the state(!) CCCP Left to right: Mao Zedong, 1893-1976 Vladimir Lenin, 1870-1924

20. Offshoot 2: social democracy Combines liberalism & socialism Combines liberalism & socialism Democratic Democratic Policies to reduce inequalities Policies to reduce inequalities Key industries may be state-owned & run Key industries may be state-owned & run Advanced welfare state Advanced welfare state

21. 4. Feminism

22. Historical context of feminism Early “feminism” contemporaneous with liberalism (1790s) Early “feminism” contemporaneous with liberalism (1790s) Three waves: Three waves: 1.until the 1950s  women’s rights 2.since the 1960s  equality of opportunities + new forms of feminism 3.since the 1990s  emphasis on diversity of women’s needs & social projects

23. Patriarchy: domination by fathers/men A particular institutionalization of power A particular institutionalization of power Present throughout society Present throughout society state state economy economy school school church church family family interpersonal relations interpersonal relations Supported by specific set of ideas Supported by specific set of ideas

24. “Gender” and “sex”: Not the same thing “Gender”: an often-misused word “Gender”: an often-misused word Distinguishing biology from society Distinguishing biology from society sex: male & female (biological) sex: male & female (biological) gender: masculine & feminine (social) gender: masculine & feminine (social) Gender is “the SOCIALLY-CONSTRUCTED EXPECTATIONS for male and female behaviour that are found (in variable form) in every known human society. A gender system’s expectations PRESCRIBE a division of labor and responsibilities between women and men and GRANT DIFFERENT RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS. Either intentionally or as a side effect, they also CREATE INEQUALITY between the sexes in power, autonomy, and well-being. Although gender systems change over time, many of the expectations that lie at their heart are strongly ENFORCED BY THE STATE OR COMMUNITY and through INFORMAL SANCTIONS between neighbours, kin, and friends”. Karen O. Mason, “Gender and Demographic Change: What Do We Know?” In G. W. Jones et al., ed., The Continuing Demographic Transition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997). Ever heard these? “Boys don’t cry” “Homosexuality is against nature” “Caring for kids is the mother’s job” “You’re a sissy” “You’re a lesbian” “Politics & business are men’s world”

25. Becoming masculine & becoming feminine Social context Social context Social pressures Social pressures Socialization Socialization Expectations vary in time & space Expectations vary in time & space From an early 50s home economics textbook “One is not born a woman: One becomes a woman“ --Simone de Beauvoir

26. What defines gender roles What defines gender roles Public sphere: politics & work, “men’s place” Public sphere: politics & work, “men’s place” Private sphere: home, “women’s place” Private sphere: home, “women’s place” Women are in the public sphere but… Women are in the public sphere but… * NOT the same as the “public” and “private” sectors when talking about government and the economy The public sphere & private sphere* split

27. 27 A clear message

28. Feminism: not just for women A major misconception A major misconception Benefits for men (& others) Benefits for men (& others) Getting rid of labels Getting rid of labels “masculine” & “feminine” “masculine” & “feminine” “real” man & “real” woman “real” man & “real” woman Eliminating binary oppositions: LGBT(Q) Eliminating binary oppositions: LGBT(Q)

29. Conclusion Ways of organizing political life Ways of organizing political life Different ideas of the good life, justice, fairness, etc. Different ideas of the good life, justice, fairness, etc. Philosophical foundations for political action Philosophical foundations for political action Give rise to different political systems Give rise to different political systems Give rise to different public policies Give rise to different public policies

30. Definition of “institution” According to the Oxford English Dictionary An established law, custom, usage, practice, organization, or other element in the political or social life of a people; a regulative principle or convention subservient to the needs of an organized community or the general ends of civilization. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/97110?redirectedFrom=institu tion#eid