1. Makenna Rich and Emily Andrzejewski Period 8 1/6/15 By Julian Leavitt

2.  Florida state law gave public schools permission to apply corporal punishment to enforce discipline -law required teachers to obtain principle’s permission before doing so  1970-71 school year Ingraham disobeyed a teacher’s instructions and was given 20 “licks”  teachers hit Roosevelt Andrews for small offenses  Ingraham and Andrews sued the principal and superintendent of Bade County School System -argued that they violated the 8 th and 14 th amendments By Fritz Von Dardel

3.  8 th -forbids cruel and unusual punishment  14 th -guarantees everyone due process before being deprived of life, liberty, or property  1970 Florida State Law -gave public schools permission to use corporal punishment Image from John Jay College

4.  Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. -public schools aren’t part of the criminal justice system -don’t involve bail, fines, and punishments  8 th amendment states “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”

5.  Justice White, Marshall, Brennan, and Stevens -disagreed with Court decision that corporal punishment doesn’t amount to cruel/unusual punishment despite of its severity -questioned why abuse is prohibited against prisoners for being “barbaric and inhumane” but not against students  Framers didn’t place the word “criminal” into the 8 th amendment Image from Microsoft Clip Art

6.  Justice Byron R. White -8 th amendment applies to all circumstances -the 8 th amendment protects a prisoner but not a child in school -amendment was made so that brutal punishments weren’t used on anyone Image from wikimedia

7.  5-4 court ruling in favor of Drew Junior High School -majority party won debate  8 th amendment was made to protect criminals, not students  Public schools are open environments; students go home everyday  parents would know if their children were beaten severely  Students have a right to civil/criminal charges if they feel punishments are too harsh -serves as enough protection By National Archives and Records Service

8.  Born in Virginia  Attended Washington and Lee University for undergraduate and law school  Studied at Harvard Law School  Worked in corporate law in Virginia and dealt with local matters in Richmond  Chairman of Richmond School Board in 1952-1961 -supported racial segregation  Established in the Supreme Court in 1971 -chosen by President Richard Nixon Regents of University of California v. Backke 1978  Retired in 1987 Image from Pixabay

9.  Corporal punishment is still allowed in schools -it doesn’t violate any amendment in the Constitution  If a student feels that a punishment is too harsh/unnecessary, it can be tested in court Image from Microsoft Clipart

10.  "Ingraham et al. v. Wright et al.." Great American Court Cases. Ed. Mark Mikula and L. Mpho Mabunda. Vol. 3: Equal Protection and Family Law. Detroit: Gale, 1999. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.  "Ingraham v. Wright (1977)." Supreme Court Drama: Cases That Changed America. Daniel E. Brannen, Jr., Richard Clay Hanes, and Rebecca Valentine. Ed. Lawrence W. Baker. 2nd ed. Vol. 2: Criminal Justice and Family Law. Detroit: UXL, 2011. 462-466. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.  SUGARMAN, STEPHEN D. "Supreme Court of the United States and Education, the." Encyclopedia of Education. Ed. James W. Guthrie. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 2422-2425.Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 19 Dec. 2014.  Picture of Justice Byron R. White. Digital image. Byron White. N.p., 20 Mar. 2013. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.  Oakes, Robert S. Portrait of Justice Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. Digital image.Lewis F. Powell, Jr. N.p., 17 Oct. 2005. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.

11.  National Archives and Records Service Photo. Seal of U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Digital image. Goldberg v. Kelly. N.p., 17 Dec. 1953. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.  Leavitt, Julian. The Man In The Cage. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., 17 Dec. 2014. Web. 22 Dec. 2014.  Gavel. Digital image. Pixabay. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.  Eigth Amendment - Cruel and Unusual Punishment. Digital image. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Springshare, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2015.  Dardel, Fritz V. Husaga. Digital image. Corporal Punishment. N.p., 10 June 2010. Web. 1 Jan. 2015.