1. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Requirements Gathering Chapter 5

2. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Key Ideas The goal of the analysis phase is to truly understand the requirements of the new system and develop a system that addresses them. The first challenge is finding the right people to participate. The second challenge is collecting and integrating the information

3. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Interviews -- Five Basic Steps Selecting interviewees Designing interview questions Preparing for the interview Conducting the interview Post-interview follow-up

4. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Selecting Interviewees Based on information needed Often good to get different perspectives Managers Users Ideally, all key stakeholders

5. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Types of Questions Examples Closed-Ended Questions* How many telephone orders are received per day? * How do customers place orders? * What additional information would you like the new system to provide? Open-Ended Questions* What do you think about the current system? * What are some of the problems you face on a daily basis? * How do you decide what types of marketing campaign to run? Probing Questions* Why? * Can you give me an example? * Can you explain that in a bit more detail?

6. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Conducting the Interview Appear professional and unbiased Record all information Check on organizational policy regarding tape recording Be sure you understand all issues and terms Separate facts from opinions Give interviewee time to ask questions Be sure to thank the interviewee End on time

7. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 JOINT APPLICATION DESIGN (JAD)

8. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 JAD Key Ideas Allows project managers, users, and developers to work together May reduce scope creep by 50% Avoids requirements being too specific or too vague

9. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Joint Application Design (JAD) Important Roles Facilitator Scribe

10. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 JAD Meeting Room JPEG Figure 5-5 Goes Here

11. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 The JAD Session Prepare questions as with interviews Formal agenda and groundrules Facilitator activities Keep session on track Help with technical terms and jargon Record group input Help resolve issues Post-session follow-up

12. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Questionnaire Steps Selecting participants Using samples of the population Designing the questionnaire Careful question selection Administering the questionnaire Working to get good response rate Questionnaire follow-up Send results to participants

13. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Scales nominal scale for classification purposes Example: What word processing software do you use? WordWordPerfect

14. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Scales Ordinal scale classification; also an ordering is used Ex: What is your highest education level? HighSchool Undergrad Graduate

15. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Scales Interval scale A rating for each response; mathematical manipulations are possible Example: What is your salary? 60000

16. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Scales Ratio scale Similar to the interval scale Example: What is the annual sales of the firm? 0 - 100,000 100,000 – 1 mill 1 million – 10 mill 10 million – 100 mill

17. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Document Analysis Provides clues about existing “as-is” system Typical documents Forms Reports Policy manuals Look for user additions to forms Look for unused form elements

18. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Observation Users/managers often don’t remember everything they do Checks validity of information gathered other ways Behaviors change when people are watched Careful not to ignore periodic activities Weekly … Monthly … Annual

19. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Selecting the Appropriate Techniques Interviews JAD Questionnaires Document Observation Analysis Type of As-Is As-Is As-Is As-Is As-Is Information Improve. Improve. Improve. To-Be To-Be Depth of High High Medium Low Low Information Breadth of Low Medium High High Low Information Integration Low High Low Low Low of Info. User Medium High Low Low Low Involvement Cost Medium Low- Low Low Low- Medium Medium

20. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Summary There are five major information gathering techniques that all systems analysts must be able to use: Interviews, JAD, Questionnaires, Document Analysis, and Observation. Systems analysts must also know how and when to use each as well as how to combine methods.

21. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Use-Case Modeling Chapter 6

22. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Key Ideas A use case illustrates the activities that are performed by users of a system. Use cases are often logical models - - they describe the activities of a system without specifying how the activities are implemented.

23. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Process Modeling The first step in Process Modeling is to create a context diagram Context diagram shows the system under study along with its boundaries It defines the scope of the project

24. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

25. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

26. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 USE-CASE DESCRIPTIONS

27. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 27 What are Use-Case Descriptions? Describe basic functions of the system What the user can do How the system responds Use cases are building blocks for continued design activities.

28. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 28 How Are Use-Cases Created? Two steps: Write text-based case descriptions Translate descriptions into diagrams Describes one and only one function, but may have multiple paths. Developed working with users for content.

29. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 Types of Use-Cases Overview versus detail Essential versus real

30. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Elements of a Use-Case Description Use Case Name:ID:Importance Level: Primary Actor:Use Case Type: Stakeholders and Interests: Brief Description: Trigger: Relationships: (Association, Include, Extend, Generalization) Normal Flow of Events: Subflows: Alternate/Exceptional Flows:

31. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 USE-CASE DIAGRAMS

32. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Syntax for Use-Case Diagram

33. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 33 The Use-Case Diagram for Appointment System

34. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34 Use-Case Diagram with Specialized Actor

35. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35 Extend and Include Relationships

36. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 36 CREATING USE-CASE DESCRIPTIONS AND USE- CASE DIAGRAMS

37. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 37 Major Steps in Writing Use- Cases Identify the major use-cases Expand the major use-case Confirm the major use-cases Create the use-case diagram

38. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 38 Identifying the Major Use- Cases Identify the system’s boundaries List the primary actors List the goals of each primary actor Identify and write the major use- cases Carefully review use-cases

39. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 39 Expand the Major Use- Cases Choose one major use-case to expand Fill in details on the use-case template Fill in the steps of the normal flow of events Normalize the size of each step Describe alternate or exceptional flows Simplify and organize as necessary

40. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 40 Confirm the Major Use Cases Review the current set Consider semantics and syntax Helpful to involve the users Iterate the entire set of steps until all use cases are defined

41. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 41 Create the Use-Case Diagram Start with system boundary Place elements in order to be easy to read Place actors on the diagram Conclude by connecting actors to use cases by lines

42. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 42 Summary Use-case descriptions are the basis for further analysis and design. Use-case diagrams present a graphical overview of the main functionality of a system.

43. PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 43 Problem for Next Week Chapter 6, MiniCase 2, pp 184- 185