1. Korea and Vietnam

3. Korea: Between China and Japan
Koreans descended from different group than Chinese. They were from the Siberian and Manchurian peoples
109 BCE Choson (earliest Korean kingdom) conquered by the Chinese (Wudi of Han dynasty)
Parts of peninsula
Koguryo (tribal people in the north) – resisted Chinese rule and established independent state- at war with the southern rivals Silla and Paekche
When Han dynasty fell, some splinter kingdoms in China remained in contact with Koguryo and fist wave of Sinification took place. Buddhism a key link. Chinese writing also introduced. Tried a Chinese-style bureaucracy.

4. Tang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea
Korean division allowed Tang rulers to conquer it by allying itself with Silla kingdom and going against the other two kingdoms
Silla and Chinese arguing over dominance. Silla proves strong and they agree that it will pay tribute to the Chinese and be a vassal state- 668 withdrew their armies and the Silla were the ind. Rulers of Korea

6. Sinification: The Tributary Link
Chinese influence peaked during Silla (668-9th century) and the Koryo dynasty ( )
Turned into a miniature Tang dynasty
All sides happy with tribute arrangement- Chinese happy to receive tribute and kowtow and Koreans happy to have peace and access to Chinese learning, art, and manufactured goods- so, tribute system became major channel of trade and intercultural exchange

7. The Sinification of Korean Elite Culture
Silla rulers rebuilt their capital at Kumsong to look like its Tang counterpart
Favored Buddhism over Confucianism- led to patronage of the arts
Pottery notable- esp. pale-green glazed celadon bowls and vases

8. Civilization for the Few
Elite dominated by aristocracy, who didn’t intermarry nor marry outside of class
All classes beneath aristocracy were oriented towards their service. Buddhist teachings gave them hope for bliss in the afterlife

9. Koryo Collapse, Dynastic Renewal
Common people rose up, outside invasions (Mongols in 1231)- led to a century and a half of turmoil
1392 – Yi dynasty established and ruled Korea until 1910

10. Between China and Southeast Asia: The Making of Vietnam
Preconquest peoples of the south in the red river valley had a strong cultural identity and did not want to be overtaken by their strong Chinese neighbors in the north. Partly able to resist because further away from Chinese center of power- spoken language not related to Chinese- intermarried with the Khmer (Cambodia today) and Tai gave specific ethnic identity
Nam Viet (people in the south)- first mentioned in Qin raids in 220s BCE as southern barbarians

12. Conquest and Sinification
111 BCE Han conquered them. They learned and borrowed from each other. Viets took cropping and irrigation techniques – so more food could be produced and it supported a larger population
Elite soon started attending Chinese schools, read Chinese texts of Confucius

13. Roots of Resistance
Failure of Chinese culture to make impression on peasantry frustrated Chinese hopes of assimilation
Chinese thought of them as backward
39 CE Trung sisters- revolt- stronger position of women who resisted Confucian ideals about women’s roles and status

14. Winning Independence and Continuing Chinese Influence
Distance from China- along with motives for resistance and strong cultural identity led them to independence
907 after fall of the Tang dynasty mounted massive rebellion to take advantage of chaos in China
939 won independence but still borrowed heavily from the Chinese- administrative system, civil service exams, Chinese-style palaces
Scholar-bureaucrats never that powerful- competed with well- educated monks
Chinese legacy gave them advantages in southeast Asian struggles
Chams and Khmers- adversaries, which they managed to push out
End of 16th century- rivals and clashes between northern Trinh family and southern Nguyen family
Next threat would be the French and the Roman Catholic Church