1. 1 Inline Citations and Source References: Wayne Smith, Ph.D. Department of Management CSU Northridge Crafting an Efficacious Set of Citations with Necessary Rigor and Sufficient Relevance

2. 2 Alternatives to Scientific Research DimensionMore RigorousLess Rigorous AuthorityLaw“Halo Effect” TraditionNorms“Just Because” Common SenseTrue Understanding “Logical Fallacies” Media MythsAccurate Summary “Convenient Sample” Personal Experience Repeated Observations “Anecdotal Finding”

3. 3 Differences between Theory & Ideology TheoryIdeology Conditional, negotiated understanding Offers absolute certainty Incomplete; recognizes uncertaintyHas “all the answers” Growing, open, unfolding, expanding Fixed, closed, finished Welcomes tests, positive and negative evidence Avoids tests and findings Changes based on evidenceBlind to opposing evidence Detached, disconnected, moral stand Locked into specific moral beliefs Neutral; considers all sidesHighly partial Strongly seeks logical consistency, congruity Has contradictions and inconsistencies Transcends/crosses social positions Rooted in specific position

4. 4 The Relative Need for an Inline Citation (Systematic Empowerment) more persuasive Value less persuasive Origin with authorelsewhere Argument, Statement, or Finding (cogent or valid) Personal Experience, Opinion, or Speculation (reasonably subjective) Theory, Law, Equation, or Professional Standard (rationally objective) Material Fact, Credible Experience, or Term Definition (genuine)

5. 5 The Relative Strength of a Source Reference (Authoritative Accountability) more accuracy Validity less accuracy Reliability low consistency high consistency Case-specific effect (narrow impact) Ideology (faith-based) Theory (science-based) Preliminary scientific finding (broad impact)

6. 6 Evaluating Sources (adapted from Turnitin’s SEER rubric) DimensionMore CredibleCredibleLess Credible AuthorityWritten by authors with expertise in area Reputable information References not researched Educational Value Exceeds instruc- tional goals Meets instruc- tional goals Content is inappropriate IntentHighly-respected to inform users Provides content to inform users Actively sells content OriginalityPrimary source of content and viewpoints Combines origi- nal content with new content Aggregates or re- purposes content QualityContent is researched and vetted Broad content coverage Content is questionable; can’t discern

7. 7 Final Checklist for Case Deliverable Citations –Have I cited the source of the facts, applicable theories and laws, statistical equations, and professional standards? –Have I cited any secondary sources to support my arguments? References (“Works Cited”) –Is this reference the strongest reference I can use? –Can a reader locate the reference? On-line references –Double-check credibility of on-line sources Is this reference relatively bias-free? –Double-check precise web URL Is this reference persistent and accessible?

8. 8 Which parts of Case Analysis require at least one citation? Cover Page, Cover Letter, Table of Contents –No. It’s the team’s original work. It may even be a team’s brand. Executive Summary –No. It’s the team’s original work. It summarizes key analyses. Material Facts –Yes. The source material for the facts did not originate with the team. Open Issues/Questions –No. It’s the team’s original work. Accounting, Economics, Law, Statistics Sections –Yes. The team’s analyses is based on theories, models, and frameworks. Ethical Considerations Section –Yes. Ethics is grounded in theories, models, and frameworks too. Strategic Considerations Section –Yes. Strategy is grounded in theories, models, and frameworks too. Recommendations –No. It’s the team’s original work. It extends a team’s prior analyses.

9. 9 Formatting and Style Guides Format/Style Guide –ENGL 205 (probably MLA) –BUS 302 (I prefer APA) –MGT/MKT (generally requires APA) –BLAW (will require Bluebook) –IS/SOM (generally requires IEEE) –FIN (likely follows ECON--APA? or MMA?) –ACCT (I’m not sure—AICPA?) If it’s not clear from syllabus, etc., just ask. –You may need to do this at a firm also (this is called a “house style” in the publishing trade) Eric Garcia (CSUN Library) has posted APA and MLA manuals –http://library.csun.edu/egarcia

10. 10 Actively Avoiding Plagiarism Quotation –(“copying”) –You need to know and reference the correct citation Paraphrase –(“comprehension in the small”) –You need to know multiple—possibly nearly all—sentences in one or two paragraphs Summary –(“comprehension in the large”) –You need to know multiple—possibly nearly all— paragraphs “Patchwriting” –(somewhere between “quotation” and “paraphrase”) –You need to know the original material well enough to overlay your own thinking on top (without plagiarizing)

11. 11 Sources CSUN Library –http://library.csun.edu/Guides/ResearchStrategies/CitationS tyleGuides Neuman, W. Lawrence (2003), Social Research Methods 5 th ed., Allyn and Bacon Source Educational Evaluation Rubric (SEER) –pages.turnitin.com/rs/iparadigms/images/Turnitin_SEER_Rubric.pdf