1. Writing research proposal/synopsis
Ms. Mamoona Ismail Loona
Lecturer
Department of Psychology
International Islamic University, Islamabad.

2. RESEARCH PROPOSAL
A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it.
A research proposal contains all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.

3. Research proposals must address the following questions:
What you plan to accomplish
why you want to do it
and how you are going to do it.

4. Key components of Research Proposal are:
TITLE INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW RATIONALE METHOD OBJECTIVES HYPOTHESIS OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF VARIABLES SAMPLE INSTRUMENTS PROCEDURE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS (EXPECTED) REFERENCES

5. TITLE
The title is usually the first part of the proposal to be read and therefore should convey maximum information in fewer words (not more than words).
In other words, it should indicate the area of research, introduce the research question.

6. Title
The title should give the reader a concise indication of what the research is about.
“e.g., Conduct problems, social skills, and home chaos in school children: A correlational study”
It is often best not to write the title until you have finished writing the rest of the research proposal.

7. INTRODUCTION
The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study.
The introduction generally covers the following elements:
Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.
Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.
Identify the key variables of your Research
At the end present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.

8. INTRODUCTION
If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.

9. Rationale WHY THE RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT
In this section describe the aims of your study.
Describe significance of your work specifically in the Pakistani context.
Do not include aims for which your study cannot provide results.
The broad long-term goals (benefits) of the proposed research can be described.

10. Rationale
This section is crucial, because it is one place in which the researcher tries to convince her/his supervisor/external examiner that the research is worth doing. You can do this by describing how the results may be used. Think about how your research:
may resolve theoretical questions in your area
may develop better theoretical models in your area
may influence public policy
may change the way people do their jobs in a particular field, or may change the way people live etc.

11. Literature Review
The literature review provides a conceptual framework for the reader so that the research question and methodology can be better understood.
It demonstrates to the expert reader that the researcher is aware of the breadth and diversity of literature that relates to the research question.
It is important that you are able to provide an integrated overview of your field of study. This means that you show awareness of the most important and relevant theories, models, studies and methodologies.
Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.

12. Literature Review
The literature review serves several important functions:
Ensures that you are not "reinventing the wheel".
Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.
Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.
Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.
Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.
Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.
Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.
Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).

13. Problems in Literature Review
Mostly students' literature reviews suffer from the following problems:
Lacking organization and structure
Lacking focus, unity and coherence
Being repetitive and wordy
Failing to cite influential papers
Failing to keep up with recent developments
Failing to critically evaluate cited papers
Citing irrelevant or trivial references
Depending too much on secondary sources

14. METHOD
The method section typically consists of the following sections:
Objectives
Hypothesis
Operational Definition of Variables
Design e.g., Is it a longitudinal, cross sectional, or successive independent sample design survey, or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?

15. METHOD
Sample
Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use? What is sample size?
Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable? Do you have Author’s permission?
Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

16. Statistical Analysis Describe briefly the statistical analysis
A limited description is needed of the statistical techniques, which will be used.
The appropriate statistical techniques are usually clear from the study design and the specification of the data to be collected.

17. Important Note
DO:
• produce a sound proposal • be interesting • be informative • write in a way that is easy to read • include a contents page • use clear headings and sub-headings • be concise and precise • use simple language wherever possible • construct clear arguments • reference your work fully using APA format
DON'T: • use words when you are not absolutely certain of their meaning • use difficult words to impress your reader • use overly simplistic language • repeat yourself • deviate

18. RESEARCH MANAGEMENT CHART
The management chart should explain what activities will take place at specified times during the study.
It may be helpful to illustrate the timing of activities, particularly if they overlap each other in time.
Milestones are an integral part of a research management chart. You can then assess your progress against expectations and know in good time whether or not you will finish the project according to plan.