1. CM107: Unit 4 Seminar APA is NOT a Four-Letter Word! So Let’s Have some Fun Tonight!

2. Any questions/issues before we begin? This week we will discuss APA, why we use it, and how to use it correctly. Before we begin, do you have any questions or comments about our work so far?

3. Citation Styles What are the different style guidelines you are familiar with?

4. Citation Styles What are the different style guidelines you are familiar with? –MLA (Modern Language Association) –ASA (American Sociological Association) –AMA (American Medical Association) –Chicago (used in Journalism) –APA (American Psychological Association This is the style that Kaplan uses. Visit Purdue University’s “Online Writing Lab (OWL) to review the three main styles used in colleges and universities (MLA, APA, and Chicago) https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/

5. APA Documentation American Psychological Association 6 th Edition

6. What is APA style? It is a standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology. It is used throughout the world in business and academia. APA style calls for “in-text” citations of your sources of information. APA also requires a “References” page

7. Why use APA? APA Documentation Style has four purposes: What are they? 1. 2. 3. 4.

8. Why use APA? APA Documentation Style has four purposes: 1. It validates that the information is true. 2. It allows readers to look further into the topic. 3. It gives credit to the person who did the initial research. 4. It prevents plagiarism.

9. Borrowed Information Any type of borrowed information – not your own original writing must be documented both in the context of the paper as well as on the reference page. Borrowed information includes the following: Summaries, paraphrases, quotations, dollar values, numbers, dates, percentages, statistics of any kind.

10. Borrowed information This includes dates, numbers, percentages, dollar values, statistics. –Citation is at the end of the sentence. –In 2001, there were 50 million cases of the flu (Green, 2004). Quotes – word for word –end of sentence or within the text –“All papers must be in APA manuscript style” (Levine, 2004). –Levine (2004) stated, “All papers must be in APA manuscript style.” Paraphrases.- end of paragraph. –Levine says we must follow standard APA manuscript style to accurately give credit to authors whose writing we borrow (2004).

11. What is paraphrasing? What is paraphrasing and why is it necessary? What is the correct way to paraphrase? Which should we use more of in our papers: paraphrasing or direct quotes?

12. Paraphrasing vs. Quoting Paraphrasing is putting a source’s ideas in your own words and sentence structure. The idea still belongs to someone else, but you have expressed it in your own writing voice. Quoting is using the exact words, enclosed in quotation marks, of the source. Paraphrasing uses your own words, quoting uses the source’s words, but both provide source support and require APA citation to give credit to sources.

13. How does APA apply to paraphrasing and quoting? We use these basic parts of APA to document our use of sources as we paraphrase and quote the sources. For now, we will focus on just the first part of APA documentation: in-text citation. For example, the following slide shows an example of paraphrase with APA in-text citation.

14. Paraphrase: Original source’s exact words: “Responsible parents of children who regularly use the Internet to research understand that being online and unsupervised is as dangerous as the infamous ‘stranger’ on the street.” – From page 25 of Gregory Smith’s 2006 article, “What Kids Find Online” Paraphrase (the essay writer’s words and sentence structure): Parents probably would not abandon their young children to the world outside the home, but Web searches without adult monitoring can be like playing alone in a park or beside a busy intersection (Smith, 2006). *Note: The words and sentence structure of the source have changed, but the idea is the same and has APA in-text citation to give credit to the source.

15. Quoting The rules for citing a quotation in text are only slightly different from the rules for paraphrasing. In fact, the only additions are quotation marks and a page number when available. The following slide demonstrates APA- cited quotation. Notice that the quotation must be a part of your sentence. It cannot stand alone in a paragraph.

16. Original source: “Responsible parents of children who regularly use the Internet to research understand that being online and unsupervised is as dangerous as the infamous ‘stranger’ on the street.” – From page 25 of Gregory Smith’s 2006 article, “What Kids Find Online” Quotation: Online safety is possible if caregivers keep in mind that “being online and unsupervised is as dangerous as the infamous ‘stranger’ on the street” (Smith, 2006, p. 25). *Note: The exact words from the source are placed in quotation marks and the page number, which is available, is used in the citation. Not all sources include page numbers (notably Websites), but most Library articles in PDF format do provide page numbers. Quoting (Continued)

17. Let’s review a couple of concepts! Paraphrasing is putting the ideas of a source in one’s own words and sentence structure with APA citation Quoting is using the “exact” words of the author

18. Using Paraphrase and Quotation to Support the Writer’s Own Ideas. Sources can 1.support our own reasoning and logic with expert opinion 2.add credibility to an idea 3.provide additional information Sources cannot 1.be the entire essay 2.string together to create entire paragraphs

19. Example of source support of a writer’s ideas: Based on personal and common knowledge, the writer creates a brief paragraph about school uniforms School uniforms may level the playing field for students whose parents cannot or will not bow to fashion trends, but uniforms may also create a new battlefield for competition. Students look alike with the same colors and styles of clothing, but brand names and high price tags can still separate designer uniforms from discount versions. Shoes and accessories increase the division between uniform brands and costs, but the benefits of uniforms may outweigh these potential problems. The next slide shows this paragraph supported with paraphrase and one brief quotation.

20. The writer’s Ideas Supported by Sources School uniforms may level the playing field for students whose parents cannot or will not bow to fashion trends, but uniforms may also create a new battlefield for competition. Students look alike with the same colors and styles of clothing, but brand names and high price tags can still separate designer uniforms from discount versions. According to Johnson (2005), one in four students ranked uniform brand as the top priority for choosing clothing for school. Shoes and accessories increase the division between uniform brands and costs, but the benefits of uniforms may outweigh these potential problems. In fact, polls of thousands of secondary-school students indicate that young people would rather wear uniforms than so-called street clothes (Andersen, 2005). Parents tend to agree. In fact, a recent study shows that mothers rate school uniforms as “one of the top five stress reducers for the school day routine” (Kritchel, 2006, p. 75). All in all, uniforms seem destined for mixed reviews based on price versus convenience.

21. Here’s that paragraph again with paraphrase underlined and pink and quotation bolded and red. School uniforms may level the playing field for students whose parents cannot or will not bow to fashion trends, but uniforms may also create a new battlefield for competition. Students look alike with the same colors and styles of clothing, but brand names and high price tags can still separate designer uniforms from discount versions. According to Johnson (2005), one in four students ranked uniform brand as the top priority for choosing clothing for school. Shoes and accessories increase the division between uniform brands and costs, but the benefits of uniforms may outweigh these potential problems. In fact, polls of thousands of secondary-school students indicate that young people would rather wear uniforms than so-called street clothes (Andersen, 2005). Parents tend to agree. In fact, a recent study shows that mothers rate school uniforms as “one of the top five stress reducers for the school day routine” (Kritchel, 2006, p. 75). All in all, uniforms seem destined for mixed reviews based on price versus convenience. Everything not bolded or underlined is the writer’s own idea. Notice that the source support simply backs up what the writer has said and validates the bases for the statements. Notice also that the quotation alone has quotation marks because it uses exact words from the source. See the next slide for some paraphrasing and quoting rules of thumb!

22. When do I Paraphrase and When do I Quote? In general, paraphrase much, much more than you quote. Consider quoting when: –you feel the impact of the original statement is worthwhile –some statistics you cannot otherwise change, or dialogue. Use paraphrase for everything else, trying always to simplify ideas for your readers. Above all, do not use a series of paraphrases and quotations as your whole paragraph. This is a compilation of sources; we are writing original work, not repeating our sources’ ideas only.

23. Why are Citations Required in Two Places? Citation is required in two places: –within the text (called the in-text citation –on the references page (called References ) What are some of the basics of an in-text citation? What do we need to include in a References page citation? Let us get some citation practice.

24. In Text Citations Purpose? –To point your readers to your Works Cited page so they can find the work you’re quoting from for themselves. How do I know what to put in the parenthetical part of the citation? –Go to the Writing Center –Visit the APA Handbook’s Website http://www.apastyle.org (We will look at some examples later and practice a little as well.)

25. In Text Citations Whatever word you put in the parenthetical element should ALWAYS be the “first” word in the citation on the References page. Why? –So your reader can find it. –What if you were writing you Doctoral Thesis and you had 20 sources. How else would your reader find your source?

26. No author: 1 Author: 3/5 Authors: (Short Title, 2000) (Short Article, 2000) (Smith, 2000) (Smith, 2000, p. 123) (Adams, Baca, & Car, 2000) Next cite: (Adams et al., 2000) In Text Citations End of paragraph or sentence

27. Chapter: Interview: No Date: Anonymous Interview (Smith, 2000, chap. 3) (A.B.Smith, personal communication, March 23, 2008) (Smith, n.d.) (Anonymous, personal communication, March 23, 2008) (NOTE: Do NOT include personal interviews on the References page as they are not a source that a reader can reference or go to.)

28. In Text Citations Within the Sentence Jones (2003) compared student performance…. In a recent study of student performance (Jones, 2003) the findings….. In 1998, Jones compared student….. According to Jones (1998), “Students often…..their first time”(p.199). She stated, “Students often…APA style,” (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she….why.

29. The References page Purpose? –To point your readers to the source from which you are quoting in case they wish to read it for themselves. –There are many, many, many different types of sources, and you will NEVER memorize them all. Therefore, you must learn how to use the resources available to you (which we will discuss later). Your instructors will not be with you to coach you and guide you throughout your college career!

30. What Should be Included in a References Page Citation? How is the References Page Formatted? Author first or title first??

31. Things to Remember when Creating your References page Center the word References at the top of the page. Entries are alphabetized by the author’s last name or the first significant word in the titled text if no author is available. Each entry is flush left for the first line. Each subsequent line is indented ½ inch (called a hanging indent.) All entries are double spaced.

32. Basic Reference Format Author’s last name, initials. (year,month day). Title. Publication data. Title. (date). Publication data. Last name, initials. (n.d.). Title. Retrieved from http://www.webaddress http://www.webaddress Article. (date). Newspaper or Magazine,volume (issue) page numbers.

33. ExceptionsExceptions 1.If there is no author, begin with the title. Title of document. (year, month, day). Publication data. 2.If there is no date of publication, the letters (n.d.) are placed in parentheses instead of the year Author. (n.d.). Title of document. Publication data.

34. References Examples Allerton,J. P. (2004). The greatest show on earth. Boston: Boswell Publishers. Bobo the clown. (2003, June 17). Newspress,24 (7) p. A1. Cramer, D. (n.d.). My life as a clown. Retrieved from http://www.clowns.org. Denver Department of Entertainment. (2003). The history of clowns. Retrieved from http://www.de.state.co.us/org/ent/clowns

35. Where Can I get Help with APA? The Kaplan University Academic Support Center (a.k.a. Writing Center) is the first place you should visit –The Writing Center has links to documents about paraphrasing and quoting. –There are links to sample papers reference pages –Tutors can help you learn about using sources. –The paper critique service will review your final papers for you

36. Web Help for APA Style The following are Web sites which will give you a mini handbook for APA documentation style. –Kaplan University’s Writing Center!! http://www.kucourses.com/ec/media/store/mediausobu/academic_success/h tml/AccessingWC.pdf http://www.kucourses.com/ec/media/store/mediausobu/academic_success/h tml/AccessingWC.pdf –The APA Style Manual’s Website: http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx http://www.apastyle.org/apa-style-help.aspx –Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab (OWL) –http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ –Other Online Resources –www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/apa.htmlwww.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/apa.html –http://www.wcu.edu/11545.asphttp://www.wcu.edu/11545.asp –http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch06_o.htmlhttp://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch06_o.html

37. Let’s Practice? Before we begin some practice exercises, do you have any questions or comments about tonight’s seminar?

38. Let’s practice: 1. From the 2006 article “Not Criminal, Just Hopeful” (no author listed and page number not available): “Second, the immigrants have aspirations most Americans can relate to. A new survey found that 92% worked, 98% wanted to learn English and 96% were happy to be fingerprinted and subjected to a criminal background check as part of a process that might lead to them becoming legal citizens.”

39. 2. From Donya C. Arias’s 2004 article “Alternative Medicines’ Popularity Prompts Concern,” page 6: “More than a third of U.S. citizens use some form of alternative and complementary medicine, according to a federal survey, and international public health officials are warning that such remedies need better regulation and monitoring.”

40. 3. From Brock Read’s 2006 article “Entertainment Officials Say Colleges Do Too Little to Fight Online Piracy,” page 36: “During several previous hearings, industry representatives had sought to portray colleges as partners in the fight against piracy. But last month the heads of the largest music and movie trade groups sharply criticized institutions that have chosen not to adopt antipiracy tactics endorsed by the industry.”

41. 4. From page 46 of Barbara Gomolski’s 2006 article “Confessions of a Full-time Telecommuter.” “For self-motivated employees, telecommuting means a productivity boost. Focused and dedicated individuals will get far more work done at home than in an office.”

42. 5. From Andrea Baker’s 1995 article “Auto Initiative Focuses on Environment,” page 28. “Engineers at Volvo want to change the way cars are designed, and disposed of. A broad environmental initiative at the company is generating interactive databases and design innovations that could apply to cars and trucks of all makes.”

43. Have an AMAZING week! As we go forth into Unit 4, we will: –Take a look at the temptations all heroes must face –We will read about research and following proper citation guidelines in the Kaplan Guide to Successful Writing –Read and discuss the downfall of one person who did not take the time to check the facts before something with his name on it was published.