1. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 Extending soil (and land) concepts in digital soil mapping for better environmental management F.CARRE SoilsDigital mapping Management

2. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 RESEARCH PURPOSE PURPOSES Integration of soil forming factors at the same level as soil information helps in managing agroecological landscape PROPOSITION RELATED TO THE USE OF SOIL DATABASE

3. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 INTRODUCTION SOIL FUNCTIONSSOIL USES ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS DUE TO SOIL USES SOIL DATABASE Ex: in FRANCE Context of the study Materials of the study

4. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 SOIL FUNCTIONS Basis for biomass production Filtering, buffering and transformation Habitat and gene reservoir Foundation Source of raw materials Historical medium http://greenpack.rec.org/soil/soil_functions/index.shtml

5. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 SOIL USES Basis for biomass production Filtering, buffering and transformation Habitat and gene reservoir Foundation Source of raw materials Historical medium SOIL FUNCTIONS FIELD USES Agriculture Landscape ecology Civil engineering Archeology

6. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS DUE TO SOIL USES Erosion Decline in organic matter Contamination Sealing Compaction Decline in biodiversity http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/com/pdf/2002/com2002_0179en01.pdf Salinisation Floods and landslides

7. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 SOIL DATABASE PURPOSES RELATED TO SCALES For local environmental or agricultural study (drainage, irrigation, precison agriculture….) in order to make good preconisations (soil respectful). Scale prospected: 1:10,000 to 1:25,000 Ex: In France http://gissol.orleans.inra.fr/programme/igcs/sr.php - Programme IGCS (INRA, Ministry of Agriculture) « Les secteurs de référence »

8. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 SOIL DATABASE SECTEURS DE REFERENCE (from 1:10,000 to 1:25,000) http://gissol.orleans.inra.fr/programme/igcs/sr.php

9. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 SOIL DATABASE PURPOSES RELATED TO SCALES For local environmental or agricultural study (drainage, irrigation, precison agriculture….) in order to make good preconisations (soil respectful). Scale prospected: 1:10,000 to 1:25,000 Ex: In France- Programme IGCS (INRA, Ministry of Agriculture) « Les secteurs de référence » Regional soil database To answer environmental and agricultural issues at the regional scale (administrative and political management entity) http://gissol.orleans.inra.fr/programme/igcs/rrp.php

10. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 SOIL DATABASE REGIONAL SOIL DATABASE (1:250,000) http://gissol.orleans.inra.fr/programme/igcs/sr.php

11. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 SOIL DATABASE SCALES RELATED TO ANALYSIS RESOLUTION On Digital Soil Mapping (McBratney et al., 2003)

12. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 TERRON MODELLING Terron = fn (soil, landscape, landscape * soil) TERRON DEFINITION See Digital Terron Mapping (Carré & McBratney, 2005) ~ Agroecozone, a geographic area that shares similar biophysical characteristics for crop production, such as soil, landscape and climate (Liu and Samal, 2002) ~ Viticultural terroirs, spatial and temporal entities, consistent with both cultivated soil landscape characteristics and frequent harvest quality (Vaudour, 2003) Landscape in this case is landform features but globally corresponds to soil forming factors Soil cover continuity is then emphasized through the « double » integration of soil (soil AND soil forming factors)

13. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 MANAGEMENT PURPOSES OF TERRON MAPPING All issues dealing with soils and landform Erosion for example Leaching, floods, contamination…

14. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 MATERIAL FOR TERRON MAPPING See Digital Terron Mapping (Carré & McBratney, 2005)

15. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 TERRON MAPPING Based on regression-kriging GENERAL METHOD See Digital Terron Mapping (Carré & McBratney, 2005) Reduction of the soil information into 6 components - PCA on the soil attributes Establishment of 18 terron classes Interpolation of the terron classes - distances to terron centroids related to the landform attributes by a MLR (regression model) - kriging of the regression residuals added to the regression model - the terron class of each pixel is the one for which the distance is minimal Validation of the model - Another dataset is classed according to terron centroids and comparison with model results

16. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 TERON MAPPING RESULTS See Digital Terron Mapping (Carré & McBratney, 2005) For the same number of entities

17. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 TERRON MAPPING RESULTS See Digital Terron Mapping (Carré & McBratney, 2005)

18. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 TERRON FROM RESISTIVITY…. MAPPING WITH PCA ON RESISTIVITIES (R1: 0-50 cm; R2: 0-1 m; R3: 0-2 m) Field of Boigneville (IDF area) PCA on the 3 resistivities PCA on the 3 resistivities AND landform attributes (ALT, SLOP)

19. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 NEXT OBJECTIVE To map agroecozones of Europe at 250m resolution with: - Soil data - Landform - Climate database - Landcover - Statistical data on farm-types to locate crops under constraints MAPPING AGROECOZONES (RELATED TO SOIL FERTILITY)

20. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 CONCLUSIONS & PROPOSITIONS So, terron is directly suitable to environmental issues related to soil and landscape features, Considering relations between scale / resolution and level of details of taxonomic soil database, mistakes can be done on the resolution of the integrated landscape features. Integrating soil forming factors to soil allows for emphasizing soil cover continuity CONCLUSIONS ABOUT INTEGRATION OF LANDSCAPE FEATURES INTO SOIL DATABASE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PURPOSES If its too large regarding the resolution of soil information, this can introduced skew in the results Also, interpretation of the terron is not so easy Pb of users knowledge

21. F. Carré – 25/11/2003 DSM Budapest – 07-08/04/2005 CONCLUSIONS & PROPOSITIONS Is soil database users knowledge adapted to the complexity of soil database constitution? Are there existing studies about the use of soil database to manage environmental purposes (considering the same database and the same purpose but different users) ? Considering the use of soil databases, relevant questions have to be raised: CONCLUSIONS ABOUT INTEGRATION OF AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS INTO SOIL DATABASE Could it be interesting to integrate to soil database agro-environmental indicators adapted to specific issues AND specific scales (or to provide only thematic maps to managers)? Pb of model validity adapted to extent and scale (Bierkens et al, 2000) Pb of integration of multiscale data (Bierkens et al, 2000)