1. Certification and Airworthiness of UAS Methodology and Experience
Slide Headline
Elbit UAV Systems
Certification and Airworthiness of UAS Methodology and Experience

2. Design for AW, safety & certification
Contents
Design for AW, safety & certification
ESL past & present experience
Background for civil certification in Israel
New legal situation
Civil Methodology of certification in Israel
Baselines of approval granting
Experience:
Special Permits for UAS Type
Hermes 450 ®
Skylark I ®
Skylark II ®
WK approval process
Past experience with foreign authorities

3. Design for Airworthiness, Safety & Certification ESL past experience

4. Standards for Previous Design
ESL past experience
Standards for Previous Design
The Hermes® Family was developed to comply with existing manned A/C standards & procedures.
Tailoring of these standards was required for UAV’s.
MIL-STD’s were mainly in use (IAF requirements).

5. Hundreds of airworthiness related documents were prepared :
Experience with IAF
Hundreds of airworthiness related documents were prepared :
Safety & Reliability assessment reports.
Analysis reports (Loads ,Thermal, Flutter. electrical loads.)
Qualification test reports performed at LRU Level
POD test reports for subsystem.
Load test reports for major structural components.
Engine endurance test reports .
EMI & RFI test reports at LRU and at UAV level .
Software versions ATP reports.
AV & FLT ATP (tests with the real HW)
Flight test reports :
Preliminary report after each flight .
Malfunction analysis reports .
Test phase reports .
Subsystems level test reports (Avionic , Flight control, Electrical power…)
Final platform test report .
Final system test report .

6. Airworthiness Process

7. Standards for Present Design
The growing interest in UAVs around the world raised the need for UAV defined standards.
Standardization in progress
A new set of design standards was adopted by ESL for present design.
STANAG 4671 are related as the certification basis, with reference to the more formal CS-23, tailored for UAS for medium UAS
Extensive safety analysis and robust design for mini and small UAS

8. Background for civil certification in Israel
UAS Civil Certification Status

9. National approvals are granted for various systems
Background
The certification methodology of UAS is presently in a transition stage.
The fast development of UAS raises a requirement to operate them in a non-segregated airspace
The regulatory framework is not yet mature
Regulations and procedures are still in development through internationally harmonized efforts.
National approvals are granted for various systems

10. Status in the World

11. Participation in International Forums
Elbit Systems is an active member in
EUROCAE WG-73
Scope: Setting Standards for Certification and Operation of UAV
Established: April 2006
Participation in SG2 subgroup on Airworthiness
Leading “Restricted Type Certificatate” Working Paper
Leading “Launch and Recovery” Working Paper
Member in USA forums
RTCA SC 203
ASTM F38
ESL has Launched a development effort in the area of Sense & Avoid.

12. Prior to 1/2/2007 all UAS flew under the jurisdiction of the IAF
Status in Israel
All civil flights in Israel are under the jurisdiction of the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel (CAAI)
The oversight of the majority of the sky is done by the Israeli Air Force (IAF), except:
A corridor from Tel Aviv to Jordan
A corridor from Tel Aviv to Eilat
Prior to 1/2/2007 all UAS flew under the jurisdiction of the IAF
Since 1/2/2007 the UAS that are not direct IAF interest (mission or development) have to fly under the jurisdiction of CAAI

13. New Legal Situation in Israel
Civil UAS Certification Committee (CUC2) has been appointed by
General Director of the Ministry of Transport
General Director of the Ministry of Defense
The Committee is formed from specialists that have ample UAS and aeronautics background from IAF and Aeronautical Industry
The Committee
Conducts technical surveys
Recommends approvals
The approvals are endorsed by the head of CAAI
The approvals contain operational limitations in order to ensure that the safety level of the ongoing civil operations is not diminished by the UAS presence

14. Civil Methodology of certification in Israel
Methodology for Civil Certification in Israel

15. UAS Certification Procedure
Civil UAS Certification Committee (CUC2) has issued a procedure for
“Certification and approval of changes for UAS ”
Classification
Procedures for systems with flight experience prior to the nomination of the committee
Experience
Safety Analysis
Procedures for new systems

16. Classification by service experience
Experimental configuration – less than 10 flight hours
Maturation configuration - less than 2000 flight hours and 100 successful take-offs and landings
Proven configuration
Classification by weight
Mini 1-14 kg
Small kg
Medium kg
Heavy above 2000kg
Classification by first flight date
Before 1/2/2007: Approval based on experience and safety assessment
After 1/2/2007: Approval based on certification basis and safety assessment

17. Procedure for New Systems
Systematic certification Methodology
Basis of Certification:
USAR STANAG 4671
Exemptions
Equivalent Level of Safety Findings
Special Conditions (where required)
List of Required Documents
Company Approval
First Flight
Maturation Configuration
Proven Configuration

18. Adoption of USAR STANAG 4671 as Basis of Certification for Medium UAS:WK
Complies with few exceptions
Compliance with Do 178B and Do 254 as required by USAR 1309 and ACM 1309
Hermes 900 ®
Designed to comply
Gap Analysis for Legacy Software to demonstrate equivalent level of safety to 1309 requirements

19. ESL Experience with CAAI

20. Elbit Systems CAAI Approvals
UAS Design Organization
UAS Operation Organization
UAS Pilots
UAS Special Flight Permit for specific UAS
UAS Special Permit for UAS Type
Special Permit for UAS for Tests Flights and Demonstrations only

21. Specific UAS Special Flight Permits
Type of Approval
Date of First Flight
Wight Class
Type
Special Permit for UAS Type
Proven configuration
Before 1/2/2007
Mini
~5 Kg
Skylark I ®
Maturation configuration
Changes after 1/2/2007
Small
50 Kg- 60 Kg
Skylark II ®
Skylark IIA ®
MaturationConfiguration
After 1/2/2007
90 Kg
Hermes 90 ®
Medium
~ 450 Kg
Hermes 450 ®
Hermes 450J ®
Flight permit
First flight:
16 April 2008
~ 480 Kg
WK 450

22. Skylark I ® Fully autonomous flight Gross weight < 5kg
Wing span - ~2m
Electric motor
Operational Flight alt ft above ground
Max Alt – 15,000 above sea level
Airspeed Kts.
Endurance – up to 90min
Operational Communication Range > 10 km
Automatic take-off (hand, bungee or mini launcher launch)
Automatic and precise landing (airbag recovery)
Deployment < 10 min
Inaudible - 100m AGL

23. Skylark II ® Fully autonomous flight modes Gross weight – 60 Kg
Wing span – 6.5m
Electric motor
Flight alt – ft AGL
Flight Ceiling – ft ASL
Airspeed Kts
Endurance – more than 4 h
Flight range - 60 km
Inaudible from 500 ft AGL
Automatic take-off vehicle/trailer mounted launcher
Automatic landing

24. Hermes 450 ® Special Permit for UAS Type
Elbit Systems’ Hermes 450 is the first UAS to fly under a permit issued by CAAI, the Civil Aviation Authority of Israel.
CAAI has granted Elbit Systems a ‘Special Permit for Unmanned Aircraft System Type’ for the Hermes 450 and an authorization to operate, under limiting conditions, from specified airfields.
The permit has been granted upon a technical survey conducted by the UAS Committee, endorsed by Mr. Udi Zohar, head of CAAI.

25. Hermes 450 ® Special Permit (Cont’d)
Permit Basis
Excellent in service experience and record of the Hermes 450 operated by the IDF, for more then 65,000 flight hours (at the time of approval)
Extensive safety analysis.
Operational Requirements and Limitations
Applied in order to ensure that the safety level of the ongoing civil operations is not diminished by the UAS presence
Civil flights priority in the specific CTR
Approved transfer route from the CTR to the military controlled airspace
Implementation of IFF mode3 & C.

26. Hermes 450 ® Special Permit (Cont’d)
The UAS has been registered and received 4X call signs.
Routine Hermes 450 flights are processed and issued under civil aviation operational procedure.
As the UAS evolves various changes have been approved :
H450J- approved
H450W- under approval process

27. WK Approval First flight – 15 April 2008 after 1/2/2007 First stage:
Experimental configuration- first flights
Maturation Configuration- for flight tests only
60 flights performed
Certification basis:
USAR STANAG extensive compliance unless replaced by UK requirements.
RTCA/DO - 178B Software Considerations in Airborne Systems
RTCA/DO Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware
UK airworthiness requirements
JSP553 – Military Airworthiness Regulations.
DEFSTAN part 9 (Airworthiness)
DEFSTAN (Technical Procedures)
DEFSTAN Issue 3 (Safety)
Extensive Safety Analysis
Ongoing process of selected reports approval
Complementing effort with UK Military Certification

28. Past experience with foreign authorities

29. Previous Approvals
FAA COA Certificate of Authorization to Department of Homeland Security for Hermes 450 ® Flight - June 2004
UK Flight Authorization for Aberport UAV Flying Demonstration for Hermes 450 ® - August 2005
UK Ministry of defense - Design Approval for Military Aircraft and Airborne Equipment - DAOS- for design, development, manufacture, modification and flight test of unmanned vehicle systems- Nov 2006, updated February 2007
Approvals for military missions: IDF, UK and others
RTS for H450 ® in the UK (GTOL upgrade in process).

30. Summary UAS Design Organization UAS Operation Organization UAS Pilots
UAS Special Flight Permit for specific systems
Hermes 450C ® : basic configuration and derivatives
Hermes 450J ®
Hermes 450WK - permit for flight tests and activity for full certification
Skylark 1 ®
Skylark 2 ® with derivatives
Skylark 2A ®
Hermes 90 ®
Hermes 900 ® - at the stage of application
Hermes 450W ® – approval for testing configuration
Choice of highest level of airworthiness requirements
USAR for medium UAS
System Safety with emphasis on SW and FW development for mini & small UAS
Full collaboration with Israeli Authorities
Certification of products
Feedback to regulatory effort
Active participation in International Forums