1. TRAUMA AND THE G ERIATRIC P ATIENT Janine Clift, RN Geriatric Emergency Nurse University Hospital Emergency Department, LHSC April 28, 2011

2. E LDERLY PATIENT ARE NOT JUST OLDER ADULTS

3. Fraility is like pornography, it is hard to define but you recognize it when you see it. Anonymous Clinician Canadian Initiative on Frailty and Aging

4. “A sea of Geriatric Icebergs” Lawrence Rubenstein, Geriatrician Misiaszek, BC 2002

5. G ERIATRIC E MERGENCY N URSE The fundamental goal of the GEM initiative is to improve health care delivery to seniors presenting to the ED GEM Nurses screen and assess elderly patients at high risk and coordinate further assessment, care and follow-up Serve as consultants and in some cases, direct caregivers for elderly patients as well as their advocates GEM Nurses increase capacity within the existing health care system to better manage senior patients

6. P RINCIPLES OF G ERIATRIC E MERGENCY M EDICINE 1. The patient’s presentation is frequently complex. 2. Common diseases present atypically in this group. 3. Confounding effects of comorbid disease must be considered. 4. Polypharmacy is common and may be a factor in presentation, diagnosis and management. 5. Recognition of the possibility of cognitive impairment is important. 6. Some diagnostic tests may have different normal values. Ref. Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Emergency Geriatric Task Force (1992)

7. P RINCIPLES OF G ERIATRIC E MERGENCY M EDICINE 7. The likelihood of decreased functional reserve must be anticipated. 8. Social support systems may be inadequate, and patients may need to rely on caregivers. 9. Knowledge of baseline functional status is essential in evaluating new complaints. 10. Health problems must be evaluated for associated psychosocial adjustment. 11. The ED encounter is an opportunity to assess for important conditions in the patient’s personal life. Ref. Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Emergency Geriatric Task Force (1992)

8. Comorbid diseases Cognitive status Medications Functional status Social environment Emotional status Bioethical considerations Trauma Patient Outcomes THE GERIATRIC PUZZLE

9. B ACK TO THE C ASE 74 year old man Assumed to be high functioning at baseline Fall 10 ft from ladder R sided chest pain and difficulty breathing Pain R hip and pelvis Abrasion above R eye Collared and boarded Previous medical history Controlled A. Fib taking coumadin Hypertension taking metoprolol Vital Signs BP-140/70P-74 irregRR- 22 temp 36.3 SpO2- 92%

10. 74 YEAR OLD MAN High risk of developing an acute delirium Higher mortality rate (15-30%) when compared to mortality rate of younger adult (4-8%) Tolerate injury less well than younger patients Experience higher incidence of complications End stage organ failure Infections Experience rapid cognitive and functional decline Require rapid and aggressive intervention within the first few hours to support full recovery

11. D ELIRIUM An acute confusional state with sudden onset requiring immediate medical attention Can result in death

12. C OMMON C AUSES OF D ELIRIUM I – infections W- withdrawl A- acute metabolic T – toxins, drugs C – CNS pathology H – hypoxia D – deficiencies E – endocrine A- acute vascular T – trauma H – heavy metals

13. R SIDED CHEST PAIN AND DIFFICULTY BREATHING Multiple rib fractures or lung contusions are poorly tolerated Can result in sudden deterioration and respiratory failure Pre existing pulmonary disease potential for pneumonias and nosocomial infection Adverse effects of analgesia and sedatives Hypoxic state contributes to organ perfusion and potential for delirium

14. P AIN R HIP AND P ELVIS Age predisposes elderly to osteoporotic complications Risks associated with pain Risk for rapid deconditioning One day in bed requires one week to recover to baseline Potential loss of mobility and psychological implications

15. A BRASION OVER R EYE High risk for subdural hematomas Anticoagulated Normal brain shrinkage predisposes elderly to subdural hematomas Signs are often subtle and may take days to weeks Potential long term effects associated with subdurals Symptoms can be misinterpreted as dementia

16. C OLLARED AND BOARDED Potential for skin breakdown Potential for urinary incontinence or retention Extreme discomfort Sensory and/or perceptual deprivation Decreased mobility

17. V ITAL SIGNS Misleading blood blood pressure (140/70) Beta blocker and hypertension Aging cardiovascular system can be unpredictable Narrow margin for “over resuscitation” Hypoperfused organs is directly related to mortality

18. Early identification and aggressive treatment can significantly improve recovery and reduce morbidity and mortality in the elderly.

19. R EFERENCES Scalea, T.M., Simon, H.M., Duncan, A.O., et al. (1990). Geriatric blunt multiple trauma: improved survival with early invasive monitoring. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 30(2), 129-136. Demetrios, D., Sava, J., Alo, K., et al. (2001). Old age as a criterion for trauma team activation. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 51(4), 754-757. Perdue, P., Watts, D., Kaufmann, C., Trask, A., (1998). Differences in mortality between elderly and younger adult trauma patients: geriatric status increases risk of delayed death. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection and Critical Care, 45(4), 805-810.