1. University Mental Health Research Institute Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI EMCDDA TDI Expert Meeting 22-23 September 2004 Katerina Kontogeorgiou Maria Pouloudi EMCDDA TDI Expert Meeting 22-23 September 2004 Katerina Kontogeorgiou Maria Pouloudi

2. Number of users starting treatment, 1994-2003 Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

3. Distribution of users starting treatment by sex, 1994-2003 Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

4. MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003 MEN % WOMEN % Socio-demographic information 19-29 years old58.666.9*** Previously treated47.547 Living with parents75.7 66.2 *** Living with drug users13.4 25.8 *** Secondary/ higher education completed37.8 52.2 *** EmploymentRegular employment22.1 9.3 *** Unemployed6171.1 Drug-related informationPrimary Drug Heroin/opiates Cannabis Hypnotics/sedatives Cocaine 89.1 7.5 1.3 1.4 86.9 ** 6.8 3 2 Usual route Injection Sniffing 48.3 26.8 36.5*** 39.9 Use of secondary drugs by Heroin (primary drug) Cannabis (") Hypnotics/sedatives(") 75.5 77.1 52.4 87.5 81.6** 83.4** 53.6 83.4 Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI * p<0.05 ** p<0.01 *** p<0.001

5. MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003 MEN % WOMEN % Drug-related informationCurrently injecting5143.1*** Ever injected78.577 Currently sharing needles32.235.7 Ever shared needles56.762.4* Mean agesYears Mean age28.526*** Mean age at first use (any subs.)1616* Mean age at first use (primary)2019*** Mean duration of use of primary drug86.5*** * p<0.05 ** p<0.01 *** p<0.001 Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

6. Primary drug of use in women by age group (2003) Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

7. Mean age, age at first use of primary drug and age at onset of use Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

8. Substance of onset of use by sex, 1994-2003 CannabisHypnotics/SedativesHeroin Men % Women % Men % Women % Men % Women % 199456.963.416.211.911.811.9 19956064.915.511.711.910.5 19966966.111.78.19.214.5 199770.868.810.57.8 13 19987063.614.614.88.211.4 199975.67411.94.67.216.2 200071.66813.612.58.112.8 200175.470.68.69.66.310.2 20027774.88.57.768.7 200380.174.37.28.95.59.6 Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

9. Primary drug of use by sex, 1994-2003 Heroin/other opiatesCannabisHypnotics/sedatives Men % Women % Men % Women % Men % Women % 199487.285.93.94.45.37.4 199589.984.24.94.737.6 199687.188.78.56.52.91.6 199783.783.311.611.52.63.8 1998938659.513.4 199990.186.36.310.312.3 200093.894.543.31.11.2 200189.689.77.65.11.32 200288.988.57.75.51.41.3 200389.186.97.56.81.33 Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

10. Injecting use in the last 30 days, 1994-2003 Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

11. Injecting use in lifetime, 1994-2003 Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

12. Needle sharing among injecting users in the last 30 days, 1994-2003 Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

13. Needle sharing among injecting users in lifetime, 1994-2003 Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

14. MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003 BOYS % GIRLS % Socio-demographic information Previously treated20.522.4 Source of referral Family Court/police 51.6 12.7 38.8 4.1 Living with parents Living alone 90.5 1.3 85.7 6.1 Living with drug users12.218.8 Secondary completed/ some higher education 53.169.3 EmploymentRegular employment Pupil/Student 13.5 48.4 2 67.3 Drug-related informationHeroin/opiates (PD) Cannabis Hypnotics/sedatives Cocaine 46.2 45.6 1.9 3.2 61.2 30.6 4.1 Usual route Injection Smoking Sniffing 26.6 52.5 18.4 35.4 37.5 22.9 Use of secondary drugs72.877.5 Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

15. MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003 BOYS % GIRLS % Drug-related informationCurrently injecting23.728.6 Ever injected35.936.7 Currently sharing needles43.235.7 Ever shared needles58.955.6 Mean agesYears Mean age17 Mean age at first use (any subs.)14 Mean age at first use (primary)15 Mean duration of use of primary drug22 Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

16. CONCLUSIONS WOMEN ARE UNDER-REPRESENTED YOUNGER LIVE WITH DRUG USERS MORE OFTEN MORE EDUCATED MORE UNEMPLOYED Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

17. CONCLUSIONS HEROIN AS PRIMARY DRUG LESS OFTEN CURRENT INJECTION MORE OFTEN SHARING NEEDLES YOUNGER AT FIRST USE OF P.D. THERAPY (LAST CONTACT) EARLIER Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI

18. FURTHER CONSIDERATIONS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI