1. Information
Processing

2. Whiting’s Model (1969)

3. Input data from display
The display is the sporting environment from which information is selected
A sporting example: e.g. Tennis match
The crowd
The ball / racket
Other player / umpire, ball boys/girls
net
Weather (rain / wind / sun) etc
Whatever is going on in or around the vicinity of the game regardless of its relevance or importance

5. Receptors can be categorised into 3 groups:
Receptor systems
Sense organs, sensory systems and receptors take in the sensory information from the display
Receptors can be categorised into 3 groups:
1. Exteroceptors
2. Proprioceptors
3. Introceptors

6. Exteroceptors Receive extrinsic information from OUTSIDE of the
body, therefore from the DISPLAY
Comes from the 5 senses:
Visual (sight)
Audition (hearing)
Touch
Smell
Taste
Give an example for each from a sporting situation

7. Proprioceptors These are the sensors inside the body, found in
The muscles, joints and they provide
intrinsic information regarding the movement
occurring
They help to provide a sense of balance – e.g.
balance of feet when preparing to receive a serve
in tennis
The sense of kinaesthesis which is the inner
feeling of tension within the muscles and joints
e.g. kinaesthesis informs us the arm in raised
in the serve without the need to look

8. Introceptors Information from the internal organs
of the body, heart, lungs, digestive system etc.
The sensory nervous system passes the information to
The central mechanism of the brain.
e.g. how fast the heart is beating – this allows the
body to register fatigue.

10. Perceptual Mechanisms
Perception: make sense of the incoming information / interpret sensor information
e.g. see that opponent is striking the tennis ball in serve
All the information from the display, picked up by the receptors is held for a fraction of a second in the short-term sensory store
Before a decision can be made, all the information that has been taken in has to be filtered or coded

11. Short-term Sensory Store (STSS) Selective Attention
this is a temporary and brief holding space
Holds ALL the information from the DISPLAY
Begins to filter and code the information using SELECTIVE ATTENTION
Selective Attention
This separates the information into stimulus (important / relevant) and noise (irrelevant) information
The stimulus is passed onto the short-term memory
Noise is disregarded

13. Translatory Mechanisms
Translation:
To decide what is happening and what to do about it
Recognise the input and make a decision on the action to be taken
Decision making resulting from the short term and long term memory interacting

14. Short Term Memory (STM)
The stimulus that has been selected (by selective attention) passes to the short term memory
Selective attention is important since the STM can only process around 7 pieces of information
So the STM has a very limited capacity – information held for about 30 seconds
The short term memory is also known as the ‘working memory’ as it links the short term sensory store and the long term memory

15. Long Term Memory (LTM)
Important areas of information are passed onto the LTM for retrieval and use at a later date
The LTM is a large storage system (unlimited capacity)
All the images and pictures of skills and practices have been filed away (like data files in the computer)
They are stored in a logical sequences called a ‘motor programmes’
The STM compares / retrieves information from the LTM to help make the decision

19. The decision for the appropriate action has been made
Effector Mechanisms
Effector Control: putting a motor programme into effect / doing the movement
The decision for the appropriate action has been made
Impulses are sent via a network of nerves called the ‘effector mechanisms’ to the working muscles.

21. Muscular System
On receiving an impulse, the muscles required to perform the movement begin to contract and a response, such as the tennis return, can take place.
Output Data
This is data that is in the display after the action that has taken place

23. Feedback
Feedback is information acquired during and after the response and is used to aid movement correction.
Feedback either tells performers what they are doing wrong or gives reinforcement for correct actions so that they become habit.