1. MEASUREING GEOLOGIC TIME

2. Ways to Measure Time There are 2 ways to measure geologic time
Relative time (not very accurate, but easy to complete)
Absolute time (very accurate, but extremely expensive)

3. Relative Time Places events in a sequence.
Does not tell actual age of event.
Does not tell exact time it occurred.
Example: You remember visiting Disney world before your 12th birthday but after you got your bicycle on your 9th birthday, that is relative time.
Most geologic work is done using relative time.

4. Measuring Relative Time
Based on how one event, rock, or fossil is aged to another.
judge how old one rock is compared to another
Judge the age of fossils found in rocks.
They put all of this together in The Geologic Time Table

6. Geologic Time Scale (GTS)
Geologic time is divided into units like a year is divided into months.
Divisions are marked by major changes.
changes to earth’s surface, climate, or extinction of species.
Rocks found in an age range on GTS contain similar fossils.
GTS is based on fossils found in each time period.

7. Geologic Time Scale Divisions
Eras are long time divisions
Four Eras
Precambrian Time (because it is so long)
Paleozoic Era
Mesozoic Era
Cenozoic Era

8. Geologic Time Scale Divisions
Periods & Epochs
Are smaller divisions of the rock record
Period is characterized by unique fossils
Named for location where the rocks were found that contained the fossils.

9. Absolute Time Identifies actual date of an event.
Absolute dates difficult to obtain
Very expensive to obtain.
More Reliable.
More accurate than relative

10. Measuring Absolute Time
Counting tree rings 1 ring per year, tells years of life + tells about growing season, wet, dry, fire, etc. (4,600 years oldest tree). Gives a close account of number of years tree was alive.
Counting varves layer of sediment in a lake or pond, a yearly picture of the sediment deposited.
This in turn lets you know what the growing season was like.
15,000 years oldest found.

11. Measuring Absolute Time
Three kinds of radioactive particles
Alpha ray = 2 P+ & 2 N° (moderately harmful to humans)
Beta ray = e- (not harmful to humans)
Gamma rays = high energy particles neutrinos, quarks, X rays (are harmful.)

12. Measuring Absolute Time
Using decay of radioactive elements is the most accurate way.
element that gives off radiation from its nucleus.
Break down of the nuclear particle, after the element emits the electron and becomes a new element and becomes less stable.
Half-life the time it takes ½ a parent element to break down into a stable daughter element. Like uranium  lead.

13. Common Radio-dating Forms
Radiocarbon dating isotope of carbon has half-life (hl) of 5700 years.
Useful to about 100,000 yrs in past. (Great for artifacts) after that most carbon-14 is gone.
Uranium=>lead dating 4.5 billion yr hl.
Too long for any thing but oldest rocks.
Potassium=>argon dating 1.3 billion year hl.
Extremely common & can be used to date rocks as young a 50,000 years.