1. Who Needs New Datums? NGS Says… ftp://ftp.ngs.noaa.gov/pub/marti Marti Ikehara California Geodetic Advisor, Sacramento

2. Outline New datums down the road GRAV-D Program New datum, epoch for CORS soon Visualizing Geodetic control VDATUM

3. What IS a datum? It is NOT the same (concept) as a “projection”, which controls how maps are represented or “look” on paper or on a screen. It is a reference, a basis, for coordinates, so a datum has an origin and/or ‘zero’. “Underlying” a horizontal datum system is an ELLIPSOID, that represents the global shape of the earth; a DATUM is the ‘continental’ shape as realized with physical marks (passive or active)

4. The National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 was referenced to 26 tide gauges in the US and Canada

5. The North American Vertical Datum of 1988 is referenced to a single tide gauge in Canada

6. EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES

8. GEOID09 compared to GEOID03 09: teal, good; yellow: State advisor-rejected; red: analysis-rejected 03 (underlying dots): dk blue, kept; orange: rejected

9. From Helmer’s article in Winter 09/10 issue of California Surveyor

10. 2009 National Research Council Report “…uniform national standards for FEMA flood maps cannot be met until an improved orthometric height datum and geoid model exist…”

11. Rationale for new Datums Terminology – Horizontal becomes GEOMETRIC – Vertical becomes GEOPOTENTIAL When?2018, if GRAV-D program is complete Why? But why?! 1.Primarily need a better vertical datum for “vertical” data(geoid, ortho ht) not obtained by traditional leveling 2.Geodetic Data collection relies upon navigation (GNSS) satellites orbiting around the mass center of the Earth – NAD83 reference frame/datum is not geocentric

12. X Z Y Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF) Coordinate System Earth Mass Center Greenwich Meridian -X-Y -Z X, Y, Z = 0 X A, Y A, Z A (not NAD83) GRS 80 Ellipsoid

13. Simplified Concept of NAD 83 vs. ITRF00 (or WGS84) 2.2 meters NAD 83 Origin ITRF 00 Origin Earth’s Surface h 83 h 00 Identically shaped ellipsoids (GRS80) a = 6,378,137.000 meters (semi-major axis) 1/f = 298.25722210088 (flattening)

14. Rationale for new Datums Terminology – Horizontal becomes GEOMETRIC – Vertical becomes GEOPOTENTIAL When?2018, if GRAV-D program is complete Why? But why?! 1.Primarily need a better vertical datum for “vertical” data(geoid, ortho ht) not obtained by traditional leveling 2.Geodetic Data collection relies upon navigation (GNSS) satellites orbiting around the mass center of the Earth – NAD83 reference frame/datum is not geocentric 3.Earth is not stable in all directions; reference frame must account for this to be as geodetically accurate as possible – NAD83 is not defined to include vertical velocities

15. Horizontal Velocities, relative to ‘stable’ NA tectonic plate, are reflected in HTDP model

16. Worldwide Tectonic Horizontal Motions

17. CORS Data allows for Monitoring Vertical Crustal Motion Vertical velocities associated with Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (rebound)

18. H + H t + V E + V Et 2 + 2 + 1+ 1 ITRF00 (2002.00) Evolution of Geodetic Datums: from NAD27/NGVD29 to NAD83/NAVD88 to ?/ ? H + V 2 + 1 27, 29 H + V 2 + 1 83(86), 88 H + V E + V O 2 + 1 + 1 83(92), 88 GPS +VELOCITIES (time) H + H t + V E + V O 2 + 2 + 1+ 1 83(07)+HTDP, 88 + GRAVITY (geoid model) H + H t + V E + V Et 2 + 2 + 1+ 1 GEOMETRIC (V E +G)[+V Et ] + G t 1 + 1 GEOPOTENTIAL

19. The Future of Height Mod: GRAV-D Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum GRAV-D –Airborne gravity surveys (taking 10 years) –Coastal areas surveyed first –All USA states and territories –www.ngs.noaa.gov/GRAV-D GOAL: –Orthometric heights-”elevations” – to be good to 2 cm anywhere, anytime with an excellent ellipsoid height from GNSS technology. Currently this takes 3-4 hours at 15-second recording and dual-frequency GPS –Height changes much more easily monitored than by leveling, using new technology – GNSS heights and gravity values –Spot-checking/monitoring gravity changes with portable field units

20. Hawaii Alaska “CONUS” Puerto Rico / Virgin Islands Guam / Northern Marianas American Samoa Planned GRAV-D Coverage

21. NGA funded NRL plane USACE funded As of Jan 2010: 6.7% of planned areas have been flown Status of GRAV-D in early 2010

22. Preliminary GRAV-D Results

23. New datum, epoch for CORS Current: ITRF2000, 2002.00 Near end of year: ITRF2008, 2008.00 – NAD83 (“CORS96A”), 2010.00 No change to passive monumentation, eg, NAD83 (NSRS2007), 2007.00 About 1000 CORS nationwide – Those with >2 years of data – Changes on the order of mm, but some outliers are showing closer to decimeters – List will be prepared, showing amount of change

24. http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/row/landsurveys /geodetic/geodetic_control.html

29. Datums available in VDATUM

30. www.vdatum.noaa.gov

35. Anything Else?! Marti.ikehara@noaa.gov 916-227-7325 ftp://ftp.ngs. ftp://ftp.ngs noaa.gov/pub/marti