1. Optics - Photonics VISION ENHANCEMENT IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS VISION ENHANCEMENT: enhancement of visual sensation/perception achieved through a suitable combination of sensors and display Night time less than 30% of driving nearly 60% of car accidents over 60% of pedestrian fatalities increase of detection distance glare from oncoming vehicles (10 6 nit on-axis) Daytime high luminance background (>10 4 nit) adverse weather conditions (fog, heavy rain, …) Twilight mesopic vision (10 -3 =>10 nit) adaptation between background and interior

2. Optics - Photonics VISION ENHANCEMENT SYSTEM - VISION SENSORS - visible - NIR - thermal IR - INFORMATION PROCESSING - recognition of road/lane edges - calculation of self-trajectory - detection/recognition/tracking of moving objects - SENSOR FUSION - image registration - image fusion - VIDEO MIXING - raster image - symbology (directions, warnings) - road/lane edges - dangerous targets - IMAGE DELIVERY - direct view display - HUD - HMD (VCS?)

3. Optics - Photonics RANGES FOR NIGHT VISION - NEAR INFRARED 0.8-1.1 micron radiation reflected by the scene needed illuminator (laser, IRLED, filtered halogen lamp) typical visibility distance 150m (3x) blooming - THERMAL INFRARED 8-14 micron (LWIR) radiation emitted by the scene typical visibility distance 400m (5x) vision not limited to the lit zone vision of low visible contrast target better in adverse weather conditions no blooming

4. Optics - Photonics NIGHT VISION SYSTEMS - NEAR INFRARED Daimler-Crysler system demonstration on trucks Illuminator: solid state laser (810 nm) Sensor: CCD HUD Jaguar-Ford system demonstration on cars Illuminator: filtered halogen lamp Sensor: CCD (TI) Display: HUD (Pilkington) - THERMAL INFRARED General Motors NIGHTDRIVER Production: 6,000 Cadillac De Villes (year 2000) Cost: 1995$ Sensor: ferroelectric bolometer UFPA (Raytheon TI) Display: HUD 12x4° (Delphi)

5. Optics - Photonics SENSORS FOR NIGHT VISION - NEAR INFRARED CMOS vs. CCD limited blooming random pixel access sensitivity approaching CCD (HAD) (high fillfactor, active column, TFA,...) large dynamic range (80-120dB) low cost - THERMAL INFRARED (UFPA) ferroelectric bolometers Raytheon TI GEC resistive bolometers (Honeywells patent) SOFRADIR (polySi-Ge) LOCKEED BOEING(VOx) bimaterial cantilever SARCON

6. Optics - Photonics Hybrid Ferroelectric Bolometer Array Pyroelectric ceramic Solder Silicon Thin-film absorber Resistive Bolometer Array Bipolar transistor X-Metal Y-Metal IR sensor Cantilever Array Flexible bimaterial \arm Read-out Embedded waveguide Grating Read-out beam CMOS SENSORS FOR NIGHT VISION

7. Optics - Photonics UFPA Electronics Other (SW,...) Display Shutter/Chopper Optics ~30% COST BREAKDOWN OF RAYTHEON