1. Chapter 3
The Golden Age

2. Preview Questions What were some early goals/milestones in aviation?
How did the war ending affect the aviation industry?
What happened to military pilots and planes after the war?
Who were the barnstormers?
How did they help aviation?

3. Flying the Atlantic 1st attempt made by Cmdr. Read (Navy)
May 16, 1919
From Trepassey, Newfoundland to Lisbon Portugal
Arrived May 20, 1919
Total time 26 hours 45 minutes
First transatlantic crossing
First nonstop only 2 weeks later
16 hours 12 minutes, June 14th to 15th
Newfoundland to Ireland
Capt. Alcock and Lt. Brown

4. After the War Airplane numbers at end of war
France 67,982
Germany 47,637
Italy 20,000
America 15,000
British production, during war, from 20/month to 3,500/month
At the end, 177,000 aircraft in service

5. 3 days after war ends, US Government cancels $100 million in airplane contracts
175,000 workers laid off
Industry production dropped 85%
Surplus airplanes sold to the public, cheap
Military aviation cut 95%
Closed most airbases
Now, lots of trained people with tons of time and lots of cheap cutting edge (for the era) equipment

6. Barnstormers Mostly ex-military Flying war surplus aircraft
Like the Curtiss JN-4 Jenny
Flew from town to town giving rides
About $5 a ride
May have joined a carnival or traveling fair
Sometimes groups of pilots would join together and form a “flying circus”

7. First licensed black female pilot
Wing-walkers
Pilot flew, they would get out and walk on wing
First licensed black female pilot
Bessie Coleman
Died in plane crash
Barnstormers brought aviation to the masses and created a greater interest
Helped keep aviation alive between wars

8. Military Air Power Develops
Gen. “Billy” Mitchell still campaigning for separate and equal “Air Force” branch
Believes that future of warfare lies with offensive aircraft
Wanted to upstage the Navy
Asked to be allowed to bomb ship to demonstrate superiority
Congress offers captured German ship
Thought to be unsinkable

9. Lesson lost on everyone
The Bomb Run
First day, light bombs, little damage
Second day, 1000 pounders, still minimal damage
Day three, 2000 pounders, ship sinks in 30 min.
Lesson lost on everyone
Mitchells requests refused
This does convince the Navy of the future of the airplane, first aircraft carrier built early 1922

10. Flight Around the World
1924, 4 Douglas airplanes left Seattle
The aircraft
Boston, down between England & Iceland
Chicago, made it
Seattle, crashed in Alaska
New Orleans, made it
Took 175 days, only 2 planes made it back

11. Route:
Seattle, Alaska, Japan, China, Indochina, Burma, India, Syria, Austria, France, England, Iceland, Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland, Seattle

12. Further Accomplishments
1923, first airborne refueling
Stayed aloft for 37 hours 15 min
1924, first coast to coast flight within 24 hours
Took 21 hours 47 min
Demonstrated that anyone could be anywhere in the country within a day
1929, first use of paratroops
18 men, weapons and supplies jumped at feet

13. Discussion
Why were Americas airplane numbers so low at the end of the war?
What did the end of the war mean for aviation?
Examples?
What was the most important thing barnstormers did?

14. Exit Slip 5 min Index card Name
Draw a picture of a typical barnstormer airplane
Share with neighbor

15. Preview Questions Has anyone heard of air races?
Famous modern air race?
What industry might have been opposed to the air mail service?
Why?
Who was Charles Lindbergh?
Who was Amelia Earhart?

16. Air Races Played a part in aviation popularity
Ralph Pulitzer offered a trophy to advance high- speed flight
American airplanes were slow compared to European planes
First Pulitzer air race in NY 1920
Winner Capt. Mosley at 156 mph
Last Pulitzer air race in 1925
Won by Lt. Bellis at 248 mph

17. Red Bull Air Races http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUHMkGacF D8

18. Air Mail Service began May 15, 1918
Aircraft and pilots borrowed from Army
3 months later Post Office Dept. hired its own pilots and bought its own planes
Some of the first routes:
DC to NY
NY to Chicago via Cleveland
Chicago to San Francisco
Truly regular service did not start until July 1, 1924

19. Railroads opposed to airmail Air Mail Act 1925
Authorized PO Dept to issue contracts to carry mail
Made aviation profitable
Regulation began on May with the passage of the Air Commerce Act
Established Aeronautics Branch within Dept of Commerce
Responsible for licensing pilots, planes and airports as well as air traffic rules navigational facilities and publications

20. Charles Lindbergh
Barnstormer, air mail pilot and Capt. in Missouri National Guard
Decided to attempt non-stop NY to Paris flight
Ordered plane from Ryan Aircraft co.
Named plane Spirit of St. Louis
May 20, 1927 left NY
Arrived in Paris 33.5 hour later
Became instant hero and promoter of aviation

22. Amelia Earhart Most famous female pilot Licensed in 1923
First solo woman flight across Atlantic 1932
20 hrs 40 min
Active in air derby
First president of “Ninety-Nines”
International organization of women pilots
Disappeared in 1937 during a round the world flight
Plane went down over the Pacific

24. Lindbergh Clip Earhart Clip

25. Discussion What was the purpose of air races?
Why did Pulitzer sponsor an air race?
Why would the rail industry oppose air mail?
Why was the Air Mail Act of 1925 so important to the aviation industry?
What did the Air Commerce Act accomplish?
Why was Charles Lindbergh so significant?

26. Exit Slip 5 min Index card Name
Who was a more significant role model, Lindbergh or Earhart?
Back up your answer
Share with neighbor

27. Preview Questions
Who are 2 of the most famous light airplane builders? (companies)
What is high wing and low wing?
When you hear “Sikorsky” what comes to mind?
Which airplane became the standard for most airlines?
Pan Am cornered what market of aviation?
Most famous Zeppelin?
Tuskegee Airmen?

28. Growth 1920s, growing market for private aircraft
Many small companies formed to meet demand
Travel Air Manufacturing Company
Wichita KS
Lloyd Stearman, Clyde Cessna, Walter Beech
Built biplanes
Cessna believed a monoplane would be more successful

29. The other 2 partners did not agree
1927 Cessna left and started Cessna Aircraft Company
Later the last 2 partners started their own companies
Beech Aircraft Co., 1932
Stearman Aircraft Co., 1933
All 3 stayed in Wichita KS
Area referred to as the light aircraft capitol of the world

31. GC Taylor, building aircraft in PA
Went bankrupt in 1929
William Piper bought company for $600
Renamed it Piper Aircraft Company
Piper J-3 Cub

32. 1915, Pres. Wilson formed NACA
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
“supervise and direct scientific study of the problems of flight, with a view of their practical solutions”
1926, Daniel Guggenheim
NY philanthropist
Founded School of Aeronautics at NYU
Established $2.5 million “Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics”
Supplied grants and scholarships to student across the country

33. Improvements Monoplane adopted More efficient wing shapes
Cowling covers
Retractable landing gear
Pressurized cabins
Air cooled engines
Wing flaps
Ice control

34. Flight Instruments Lt. Doolittle did much research
Enable safer flight at night and in bad weather
September , Doolittle made first successful “blind” takeoff and landing
Took off made a 180 degree turn and landed all without looking outside of the airplane
As a result, instruments and radio navigation equipment installed in aircraft

35. Rotorcraft Little progress made during WWI
1923, Juan de la Cierva built first autogiro
Autogiro not as effective as helicopter
Designs led to the modern helicopter

36. Real progress made in Spain, France and Germany during the 1930s
Cierva’s hinged rotor and autorotation features contributed to helicopter design
First helicopter with complete controllability
Focke-Achgelis (FA-61)
Built in Germany in 1937 by Dr. Heinrich Focke

37. Igor Sikorsky Developed first practical helicopter
VS-300, later R-4 (military)
Used during WWII

38. Commercial Aviation McNary-Watres Act Initially 1 airmail route
Amendment to Air Mail Act 1925
Contractors now paid by available space
Bonus for multiengine and instruments
Incentive to build larger better airplanes
Initially 1 airmail route
North Route (NY-Chicago-San Francisco)
2 more routes opened, Central and Southern
Central (NY-Kansas City-LA)
Southern (Atlanta-LA)

39. Northern Route belonged to United Airlines Central belonged to TWA
Transcontinental and Western Airlines
Southern was American Airlines
United contracted with Boeing, in 1933, to build new modern aircraft, 247, 10 passengers 400 lbs of cargo

40. TWA contracted with Douglas Aircraft
Wanted an airplane “better than the 247”
Douglas Commercial One DC-1
Soon gave way to the DC-2 in 1934
14 passengers and thousands of pounds of cargo
American wanted a different plane from Douglas
1935, DC-3 24 passengers 5000 pounds cargo
Most successful airplane of the time
Adopted by civil and military aviation worldwide

42. Seaplanes Carry Mail Pan American Airways
Began in 1927 to fly mail between Key West and Cuba
Extended to rest of Caribbean and Eastern South America
Igor Sikorsky built 4 engine S-40 flying boat
Next, S-42 the Clipper
1934, switched to Martin 130 China Clipper
1938, Pan Am bought 6 Boeing 314

43. Pan Am History
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44. What about Dirigibles?
Between WWI and WWII dirigibles and other rigid airships rose to the peak of their success and completely disappeared
1926, Treaty of Versailles allowed Germany to begin construction of Zeppelins
3 built
Graf Zeppelin
Hindenburg, exploded in NJ 1937
Graf Zeppelin II

45. Interwar Military Developments
Military aviation viewed as a defensive weapon
Though developments were made in bombers and fighters
B-17
Boeing entered Army bidding process for a “multi-engine” airplane
Other companies took that to mean 2 engines
Boeing only company to go with 4 engines

46. Now saw need for new fighter, Curtiss P-36
Boeing 299
Military designation B-17
Could out-fly any fighter of the time
Now saw need for new fighter, Curtiss P-36

47. War on the Horizon Civilian Pilot Training Programs (CPTP)
Authorized in 1939 by CAA
Created reserve supply of pilots incase of emergency
99th pursuit squadron, first all black unit
1941 at Tuskegee Sub Depot, AL

48. Discussion
Why is Wichita KS considered the light aircraft capitol of the world?
What improvements were made to aircraft during this era?
What was Lt. Doolittle’s contribution?
What type of aircraft led to the modern helicopter?
What provided ample incentive to develop larger multiengine aircraft?
How did Boeing win the Army contract to build the B-17?

49. Quiz
Where did the 1st nonstop transatlantic flight originate and terminate?
Describe the aviation industry post WWI.
what 2 conditions led to the “Barnstormer” era in aviation after WWI?
Who was the biggest military aviation advocate?
Why were air races so important to Ralph Pulitzer?
What year did air mail service begin?
What allowed the government to issue contracts to private companies to carry air mail?
Who completed the first nonstop flight from NY to Paris?
What 3 aircraft companies eventually formed from Travel Air Manufacturing Company?
Where is the light aircraft capitol of the world?
What were 3 improvements made to airplane design during this time?
Who developed the first practical helicopter?
What are the names and routes of the airmail routes established be the McNary-Watres Act?
What airplane built by Douglas was the most successful of its time?