1. Hawaiian Perspectives: Geology Through a Cultural Lens Presented by: Kapōmaikai Stone, Iāsona Ellinwood, & Lindsey Spencer Kahua Aʻo: A Learning Foundation

2. Ka Moʻolelo O Hiʻiakaikapoliopele The Epic Tale of Hiʻiakaikapoliopele  The story of Pele and her family as they travel down the Hawaiian chain  Associated with rejuvenation stage volcanism  Various sites scattered throughout the islands  Particularly Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, and Oʻahu (Awaiaulu.org)

3. Ka Mo‘olelo o Hi‘iakaikapoliopele, by Ho‘oulumāhiehie, pg. 2-3 From Ka Na'i Aupuni, 2 June and 4 June, 1906. I ka ha‘alele ‘ana aku o Pele a me kona po‘e a pau iā Tahiti, ua hō‘ea maila lākou i ka mokupuni ‘o Ka‘ula...Ha‘alele ihola ‘o Pele mā iā Ka‘ula, ne‘e maila i Ni‘ihau, a no ka loa‘a ‘ole o kahi kūpono o nei mokupuni e hiki ai i ua mō‘ī wahine nei o ke ahi a me kona ‘ohana ke noho iho, ua pae loa maila lākou no ka mokupuni ‘o Kaua‘i…I ka hiki ‘ana o Pele mā i Kaua‘i, ua lehulehu loa nā wahi a Pele i ho‘ā‘o ai e ‘eli i wahi nona a me kona po‘e e noho ai ma ia mokupuni, a ‘o Kīlauea kahi hope loa āna i kā ai, a no ka pāpa‘u, ha‘alele nō ‘o ia a me kona po‘e i ia mokupuni, a ‘au maila i ke kai ‘o Ka‘ie‘iewaho, a hō‘ea ana i O‘ahu nei... hele ka‘apuni a‘ela ma nā wahi lehulehu o ka mokupuni ‘o O‘ahu nei e ‘imi ai i wahi no lākou e noho ai, eia na‘e, ‘a‘ohe loa‘a. When Pele and all of her people left Tahiti, they came to the island of Ka‘ula...Pele and company departed Ka‘ula, moving on to Ni‘ihau, but because no appropriate place could be found where the queen of fire and her family could reside, they went on to land on the island of Kaua‘i…When Pele and company arrived on Kaua‘i, she attempted in many places to carve out an area for her and her people to dwell on that island, Kīlauea being the last place that she tried. Because it was shallow there, she and her followers left that island and sailed through the Ka‘ie‘iewaho Channel until reaching O‘ahu…She journeyed all around O‘ahu, visiting many places in search of a site for their home, but nothing could be found.

4. Sites & Stories of Oʻahu Rejuvenation Stage Volcanism: Āliapaʻakai  Pele’s first stop on the island of Oʻahu  Arrived from Kauaʻi with her sister, Hiʻiaka  Brought salt and red dirt with them  Both dug in the ground to make a new home  Discovered that it was too shallow, and encountered sea water

5. Ua ‘eli ‘o Pele iā Āliapa‘akai ma Moanalua a‘e nei, a loa‘a ‘ē nō ke kai, ha‘alele i ia wahi. Pēlā nō iā luna o Pūowaina, Lae‘ahi, a me kekahi mau wahi ‘ē a‘e o O‘ahu nei; a no ka pāpa‘u o ia mau wahi, loa‘a ‘ē nō ke kai, no laila, ha‘alele lākou iā O‘ahu nei, a ne‘e akula i Moloka‘i; mai laila aku, hō‘ea i Kaho‘olawe. Pele dug the crater of Āliapa‘akai at Moanalua, but soon reached sea water and left there. She also dug atop Pūowaina, Lae‘ahi, and some other sites here on O‘ahu, and because the earth was shallow in those places, sea water was again soon encountered, so they departed from O‘ahu and proceeded on to Moloka‘i. From there they moved on, arriving at Kaho‘olawe. Ka Mo‘olelo o Hi‘iakaikapoliopele, by Ho‘oulumāhiehie, pg. 2-3 From Ka Na'i Aupuni, 2 June and 4 June, 1906.

6. Sites & Stories of Oʻahu Rejuvenation Stage Volcanism: Āliapaʻakai (ArcGIS Online)

7. Sites & Stories of Oʻahu Rejuvenation Stage Volcanism: Lēʻahi (Diamond Head)  Pele resided here for a short time with her sister, Hiʻiaka  The “brow of the ahi”  Dug again in search of fire  Encountered water once again, and her fire was drowned by the water below

8. Sites & Stories of Oʻahu Rejuvenation Stage Volcanism: Lēʻahi (Diamond Head)

9. Sites & Stories of Oʻahu Kohelepelepe (Koko Crater)  “ traveling vagina”  A rejuvenation vent, but more well-known for another Pele story  Goddess Kapo exposed herself to save her sister, Pele  Kamapuaʻa was in pursuit of Pele while on Oʻahu  Kapo’s diversion worked  Pele successfully escaped

10. Sites & Stories of Oʻahu (Hanauma Bay Education Program)

11. Sites & Stories of Oʻahu Pele’s Chair  Sometimes referred to as Pele’s Throne  Associated as the last place that Pele resided on Oʻahu  After western contact  Considered by missionaries to be a pagan symbol

12. Sites & Stories of Oʻahu Pele’s Chair

13. Does the story fit? Honolulu Volcanic Series (Drawing by S. Rowland, adapted from Macdonald et al., 1983)

14. Does the story fit? Honolulu Volcanic Series  Ages of vents from our story (right)  Also…  Every place that Pele dug, she encountered water  Hydromagmatic eruptions (Ozawa et al., 2005) Kaimukī Koko rift Puowaina

15. Does the story fit? YES!

16. Research Connections Donald Swanson (HVO)  Hawaiian oral tradition describes 400 years of volcanic activity at Kīlauea (2008)

17. The Hawaiian Perspective “This traditional history presented the world in such a way that values, meaning, and morality were of greater importance than, or at least equal to, the physical events being chronicled.” - Van James (Ancient Sites of Oʻahu)

18. Nūpepa ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi Hawaiian Language Newspapers  Printed during 1834 – 1948  100 different newspapers  125,000 pages printed  Articles were reader-submitted  Today:  75,000 searchable online  Available at nupepa.org and papakilodatabase.com

19. Rise of Literacy in Hawaiʻi  1820: Arrival of American missionaries  1822: First printing in Hawaiian  1825: King Kauikeaouli Kamehameha III declares, “ʻO koʻu aupuni, he aupuni palapala koʻu”  1834: First Hawaiian language newspaper  1839: Hawaiian Bible published

20. Literacy Rate in 1861  From the writings of missionary Laura Fish Judd: “The proportion is estimated as greater than in any other country in the world, except Scotland and New England”

21. Missionary Press

22. Independent Press

23. Current Research & Awareness Papakū Makawalu  Describes the Hawaiian worldview of the foundations of life  Categorizes all systems of life within the universe  3 houses of knowledge  Papahulilani – the heavens  Papahulihonua – the earth  Papahānaumoku – everything that gives life

24. Current Research & Awareness Kahua Aʻo: A Learning Foundation  Using Hawaiian Language Newspaper Articles for Place and Culture-based Geoscience Teacher Education and Curriculum Development  Website: manoa.hawaii.edu/kahuaao  Lessons that discuss Rejuvenation Stage Volcanism  Hawaiian Volcanoes and Rejuvenation Stage Volcanism: No Nā Lua Pele  Geology and Meteorology of Hanauma Bay: He Huakaʻi I Hanauma

25. References (2013). Geology. Kahua Aʻo: A Learning Foundation. Retrieved November 25, 2013, from http://manoa.hawaii.edu/kahuaao/geology.html.http://manoa.hawaii.edu/kahuaao/geology.html (2013). Papaku Makawalu. Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation. Retrieved November 25, 2013, from http://www.edithkanakaolefoundation.org/current-projects/papaku- makawalu/.http://www.edithkanakaolefoundation.org/current-projects/papaku- makawalu/ Becket, J. & Singer, J. (1999). Pana Oʻahu. Honolulu, Hawaiʻi: University of Hawaiʻi Press. James, V. (1991). Ancient Sites of Oʻahu. Honolulu, Hawaiʻi: Bishop Museum Press. Ka Moʻolelo O Hiʻiakaikapoliopele. Awaiaulu. Retrieved November 25, 2013. Ozawa et al. (2005) Unspiked K–Ar dating of the Honolulu rejuvenated and Koʻolau shield volcanism on Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 232, pp. 1- 11. Place Names Map. Place Names of Hanauma. Retrieved November 25, 2013. Sterling, E. P. and Summers, C. C. (2008). Sites of Oahu. Honolulu, Hawaiʻi: Bishop Museum Press.

26. Questions?