1. Module 5 Sensation

2. THREE DEFINITONS Eyes, ears, nose, skin, and tongue are complex, miniaturized, living sense organs that automatically gather information about your environment Transduction –Process in which a sense organ changes, or transforms, physical energy into electrical signals that become neural impulses, which may be sent to the brain for processing Adaptation –The decreasing response of the sense organs as they’re exposed to a continuous level of stimulation

3. THREE DEFINITONS (CONT’D) Sensation versus perception –Relatively ____________ bits of information that result when the brain processes electrical signals that come from the sense organs Perceptions –______________ sensory experiences that result after the brain combines hundreds of sensations

4. Cocktail-party phenomenon The cocktail party effect _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________ ____________________.

5. Energy v. Chemical senses Energy SensesChemical Senses

6. VisionVision Our most dominating sense.

8. EYE: VISION (CONT’D) Structure and function –Eyes perform two separate processes first: ______________________________________________ __________________________________ second: ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ _______________________ –Process called transduction

9. Phase Two: Getting the light in the eye

10. EYE: VISION (CONT’D) Retina –Three layers of cells back layer contains two kinds of photoreceptors that begin the process of transduction change light waves into electrical signals _________________________________ __________________________________of the retina called the fovea

11. EYE: VISION (CONT’D) Rods –Photoreceptor that contain a single chemical, called __________________________ –Activated by ___________ amounts of light –Very light sensitive –Allow us to see in ___________ light –See only _______________________________

12. EYE: VISION (CONT’D) Cones –Photoreceptors that contain three chemicals called _____________ –Activated in ____________________ –Allow us to see _______________________ –Cones are wired individually to neighboring cells –Allow us to see __________________

13. Transduction Continued Order is Rods/Cones to Bipolar to Ganglion to Optic Nerve. Sends info to thalamus- area called lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Then sent to cerebral cortexes. Where the optic nerves cross is called the optic chiasm.

14. EYE: VISION (CONT’D) Making colors from wavelengths –Sunlight is called white light because it contains all the light waves –White light passes through a prism; separates light waves that vary in length –Visual system transforms light waves of various lengths into millions of different colors –Shorter wavelengths of violet, blue, green –Longer wavelengths of yellow, orange, and red –An apple is seen as red because reflection of longer light waves that brain interprets as red

15. EYE: VISION (CONT’D)

16. Trichromatic Theory Three types of cones: Red Blue Green These three types of cones can make millions of combinations of colors. Does not explain afterimages or color blindness well.

17. Opponent-Process theory The sensory receptors come in pairs. Red/Green Yellow/Blue Black/White If one color is stimulated, the other is inhibited.

18. Hearing Our auditory sense

19. The Ear

20. EAR: AUDITION Stimulus –Sound waves ____________________(audition) ripples of different sizes; sound waves travel through space with varying heights and frequency –Height distance from the _____________ of a sound wave; amplitude –Frequency _______________________________________

21. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D) Loudness –Subjective experience of a sound’s intensity –Brain calculates loudness from specific physical energy ______________________________ Pitch –Subjective experience of a sound being high or low –Brain calculates from specific physical stimuli –_______________________________________ –__________________(how many sound waves in a second)

22. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D) Measuring sound waves –Decibel: ______________________________ –Threshold for hearing 0 decibels (no sound) 140 decibels (pain and permanent hearing loss)

23. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D)

24. Outer, middle, and inner ear –Outer ear consists of three structures –___________________________

25. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D) Outer, middle, and inner ear –Outer ear external ear –oval-shaped structure that protrudes from the side of the head function –___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________

26. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D) Outer, middle, and inner ear –Outer ear auditory canal –_____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ____

27. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D) Outer, middle, and inner ear –Outer ear tympanic membrane –taut, thin structure commonly called the eardrum –sound waves strike the tympanic membrane and cause it to vibrate

28. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D) Outer, middle, and inner ear –Middle ear bony cavity sealed at each end by membranes that are connected by three tiny bones called ossicles hammer, anvil, and stirrup –hammer is attached to the back of the tympanic membrane –anvil receives vibrations from the hammer –stirrup makes the connection to the oval window (end membrane)

29. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D) Outer, middle, and inner ear –Inner ear contains two structures sealed by bone –cochlea: __________________________ –vestibular system: _______________________

30. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D) Cochlea –Bony coiled exterior that resembles a snail’s shell –Contains receptors for hearing –Function is transduction –Transforms vibrations into nerve impulses sent to the brain for processing into auditory information

31. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D)

32. Auditory cues –Direction of sound determined by brain; calculates slight difference in time it takes sound waves to reach the two ears –Calculating pitch frequency theory –applies only to low-pitched sounds –Rate that nerve impulses reach the brain determines how low a sound’s pitch is place theory – brain determines medium-to-higher-pitched sounds from the place on the basilar membrane where maximum vibration occurs

33. EAR: AUDITION (CONT’D) Auditory cues –Calculating loudness brain calculates loudness primarily from the frequency or rate of how fast or how slow nerve impulses arrive from the auditory nerve

34. Vestibular Sense ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________. ___________________. ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________.

35. VESTIBULAR SYSTEM: BALANCE (CONT’D) Motion sickness (sensory mismatch between information from the vestibular system) –symptoms: feelings of discomfort, nausea, and dizziness in a moving vehicle –head bouncing, but distant objects look fairly steady Meniere’s disease (malfunction of the semicircular canals of the vestibular system) –symptoms: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, spinning, and piercing buzzing sounds Vertigo (malfunction of the semicircular canals of the vestibular system) –symptoms: dizziness and nausea

36. CHEMICAL SENSES Taste –Chemical sense because the stimuli are various chemicals –Tongue –Surface of the tongue –Taste buds

37. CHEMICAL SENSES (CONT’D) Tongue –Five basic tastes ________________________

38. CHEMICAL SENSES (CONT’D) Taste buds –Produce nerve impulses that reach areas of the brain’s parietal lobe –Brain transforms impulses into sensations of taste Flavor –__________________________________________

39. Taste We have bumps on our tongue called papillae. Taste buds are located on the papillae (they are actually all over the mouth). Sweet, salty, sour bitter, umami.

40. CHEMICAL SENSES (CONT’D) Smell, or olfaction –Steps for olfaction stimulus olfactory cells sensation and memories functions of olfaction

41. CHEMICAL SENSES (CONT’D)

42. Smell, or olfaction –Stimulus _____________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ examples: skunk spray, perfumes, warm brownies; not glass or steel

43. CHEMICAL SENSES (CONT’D) Smell, or olfaction –Olfactory cells receptors for smell located in a one-inch-square patch of tissue in the uppermost part of the nasal passages olfactory cells are covered in mucus that dissolves volatile molecules and stimulates the cells the cells trigger nerve impulses that travel to the brain, which interprets the impulses as different smells

44. CHEMICAL SENSES (CONT’D) Smell, or olfaction –Sensations and memories _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ____________________________

45. CHEMICAL SENSES (CONT’D) Smell, or olfaction –Functions of olfaction one function: _____________________________ second function: ________________________________________ ________________________________________ third function: ________________________________________ ________________________________________

46. CHEMICAL SENSES (CONT’D)

47. TOUCH Touch –Includes pressure, temperature, and pain –Beneath the outer layer of skin are a half-dozen miniature sensors that are receptors for the sense of touch –Change mechanical pressure or temperature variations into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for processing

48. TOUCH (CONT’D)

49. Receptors in the skin –Skin –Hair receptors –Free nerve endings –Pacinian corpuscle

50. TOUCH (CONT’D) Skin –Outermost layer –Thin film of dead cells containing no receptors –Just below are first receptors, which look like groups of thread-like extensions –Middle and fatty layer –Variety of receptors with different shapes and functions –Some are hair receptors

51. TOUCH (CONT’D) Hair receptors –Free nerve endings wrapped around the base of each hair follicle –Hair follicles fire with a burst of activity when first bent –If hair remains bent for a period of time, the receptors will cease firing –Sensory adaptation –Example: wearing a watch

52. TOUCH (CONT’D) Free nerve endings –Near bottom of the outer layer of skin –Have nothing protecting or surrounding them Pacinian corpuscle –In fatty layer of skin –Largest touch sensor –Highly sensitive to touch –Responds to vibration and adapts very quickly

53. TOUCH (CONT’D) Brain areas –Somatosensory cortex –Located in the parietal lobe –Transforms nerve impulses into sensations of touch, temperature, and pain

54. PAIN What causes pain? –Pain: unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that may result from tissue damage, one’s thoughts or beliefs, or environmental stressors –Pain results from many different stimuli

55. PAIN (CONT’D)

56. How does the mind stop pain? –Gate control theory of pain –Nonpainful nerve impulses compete with pain impulses in trying to reach the brain –Creates a bottleneck or neutral gate –Shifting attention or rubbing an injured area decreases the passage of painful impulses –Result: pain is dulled

57. PAIN (CONT’D) Endorphins –Chemicals produced by the brain and secreted in response to injury or severe physical or psychological stress –Pain-reducing properties of endorphins are similar to those of morphine –Brain produces endorphins in situations that evoke great fear, anxiety, stress, or bodily injury as well as intense aerobic activity

58. PAIN (CONT’D) Dread –Connected to pain centers in brain –Not the act itself that people fear –Time waiting before event causes dread Acupuncture –Trained practitioners insert thin needles into various points on the body’s surface and then manually twirl or electrically stimulate the needles –After 10 to 20 minutes of stimulation, patients often report a reduction in various kinds of pain