1. TEKS 7A, E; 8B, C; 12A, C
Kingdom Fungi

2. Basic Characteristics of Fungi
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
External Heterotrophs/ Decomposer
Not mobile
Reproduce using SPORES
Have a cell wall made up of chitin.

3. Evolution of Fungi
Which of the following is most closely related to a mushroom (fungus)?
WHY?
Cladogram
Recent DNA-based studies show that fungi are more similar to animals than to plants

4. Anaerobic Respiration
Some fungi (yeast) are able to release energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen. This anaerobic process is called fermentation.
Glucose  Alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP

5. Basic Structure of a Fungus:
Hyphae are individual filaments that form
a dense cottony mat of called mycelium.
Individual Hyphae

6. *Mycelium dense mat of hyphae
This mycelium is decomposing leaf litter on the forest floor.

7. In mushrooms, the entire above ground mushroom cap is the
*fruiting body which is the reproductive structure that contains spores.

8. Basic Structure of a Mushroom
Fruiting Body:

9. Most of the fungus lives underground
Most of the fungus lives underground. A Fairy Ring – is a ring of mushrooms along the outer edge of the fungus.
Fungi grow in a circular pattern out from a center point, where one spore landed and started to grow.

10. World’s Largest organism
World’s Largest organism? Armillaria, a pathogenic fungus shown here afflicting four regions of coniferous forest in Montana, grown out from a central location. The largest patch below is 8 hectares (300 m) in diameter. The largest measure so far has been 15 hectares in diameter.

11. Four Major Examples of Fungi:

12. 1. Mushrooms

13. Mushroom Phyla examples: Toadstool (top left), Shelf Fungi (bottom left), Puff Balls (right)

14. 2. Bread Molds

15. 3. Yeast
Budding Scar

16. 4. Penicillin mold produces an antibiotic that destroys bacterial cell walls.
Bacteria Free Zone
Bacteria Smear

17. Harmful Effects of Fungi

18. 1. Fungal Disease destroys billons of dollars worth of crops each year.
Strawberries with Botrytis mold, a plant parasitic fungus

19. Pink Ear Rot on Corn
Corn Smut

20. Examples of fungal diseases of plants: Wheat Rust (left), ergots on rye (right)

21. 2. Fungi will spoil food.
Rhizopus - common bread mold

22. 3. Fungal Diseases:
Athlete's Foot
Ring Worm
-Yeast Infections

23. Helpful to Humans make antibiotics like penicillin
The mold Penicillin is growing in a circular pattern on this orange.
Penicillin “the antibiotic” is an extract made from this fungus.

24. Pigs are used to smell out truffles
Helpful to Humans
Some are edible: some mushroom caps, morels, and truffles
Pigs are used to smell out truffles

25. Helpful to Humans Used in food production:
Cheeses such as Brie, Blue cheese, Camembert, & Roquefort
Bread, Beer, & Wine (Yeast)
Soy sauce
Tofu
Blue Cheese
Bread

26. Fungi are also helpful to the Environment!

27. recycling organic matter.
Fungi are decomposers,
recycling organic matter.

28. Lichen – has a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae
Lichen – has a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae. - Provides food for animals -found in barren soil - Sensitive to air pollution

29. Lichen Algal cells live inside the fungus.
Algae
Fungus

30. Mycorrhizae – a symbiotic relationship b/w a fungus and plant roots
Mycorrhizae – a symbiotic relationship b/w a fungus and plant roots. Fungal hyphae extend into the soil and root, helping the plant absorb nutrients.
The last 2 roots on the far right do not have mycorrhizae.
Plant roots covered with fungal hyphae which increases surface area for absorption.

33. Diseases Caused by Fungi
Potato Blight - Oomycota Damages leaves of the potato plant Cause of the 1845 famine in Ireland and England
Wheat Rusts - Basidiomycota Damages leaves and stems; golden-yellow to red color on leaves and stems Caused problems in early 1900’s & 1930’s; Contributed to the great depression.

34. Corn Smuts – Basidiomycota
Corn Smuts – Basidiomycota Large galls on plant; may occur on any part of plant above ground Some consider corn smuts a delicacy
Mildews – Zygomycota % of crop losses are due to these fungal diseases in the temperate regions of the world

35. Ringworm – Deutermycota (tinea). Red itchy skin forming a ring shape
Ringworm – Deutermycota (tinea) Red itchy skin forming a ring shape Caused by the same fungus that causes athlete’s foot

36. Athlete’s Foot – Deuteromycota (tinea)
Athlete’s Foot – Deuteromycota (tinea) Red, itchy skin on foot; white, wet surface

37. Thrush – Yeast (Candida albicans). Infection of mouth; white
Thrush – Yeast (Candida albicans) Infection of mouth; white Usually kept in check by bacterial competition and immune system; May occur after strong antibiotic treatment; eating yogurt helps

38. Urinary tract infections – Yeast (Candida albicans)
Urinary tract infections – Yeast (Candida albicans) Itching and burning sensation when urinating
Nail fungal infections – Various molds Yellowing and thickening of the nail Sometimes difficult to treat