2. Structures and Functions of Eukaryotic Cells

3. Animal Cell

4. Plant Cell

5. Nucleus Contains DNA, which stores and copies genetic info DNA forms chromosomes Structures in the nucleus: –Nucleolus (contains RNA and proteins) –Nuclear envelope (has pores in its double phospholipd bilayer that allow some particles to pass through)

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranous bound tubules Rough ER has ribosomes attached that make proteins Smooth ER makes lipids and phospholipids, detoxifies drugs/alcohol, makes hormones.

7. Golgi Apparatus Stack of curved membrane sacs Works with nuclear envelope, ER and vesicles as a part of a protein and lipid modification and transport system. Initial proteins/lipids are made by the ER and sent in a vesicle to the Golgi Proteins/lipids are stored or further modified Proteins/lipids are pinched off to form vesicles that will exit the cell or go to another spot in that cell. In animal cells the Golgi also produces lysosomes

8. Lysosomes membrane bound sacs that have digestive enzymes in them Catalyze hydrolysis reactions Breaks down macromolecules Acidic inside (pH of 5)

9. Peroxisomes Membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes Form from budding off the ER Catalyze redox reactions Breaks down some toxic molecules, such as alcohol.

10. Vesicles and Vacuoles Vesicle: term used to describe membrane-bound sacs used for transportation throughout the cell Vacuole: central large vesicle found in plant cells that contains water, enzymes, ions, sugars, amino acids. The vacuole helps give the plant shape through turgor pressure

11. Chloroplasts Found in plant cells Contain chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight energy during photosynthesis Has a thick liquid called the stroma inside Inner membrane surrounds many flattened disks called thylakoids Many thylakoids are stacked on top of each other to form a granum (pl. grana) Contain their own DNA

12. Mitochondria Break down molecules for energy 2 membranes Inner membrane is folded and called the cristae Space inside the inner membrane is called the matrix. Contain their own DNA

13. Cell Wall Plants, fungi and some protists have a cell wall Provides structure and support Plant cell walls are comprised of cellulose Fungi cell walls are made of chitin

14. Cytoskeleton Internal network of fibres throughout the cytoplasm Provide structure and anchoring for cell membrane and organelles Types: –Microtubules: thickest, shape, help with cell division, movement of organelles –Intermediate filaments: shape, anchor organelles and scaffolding of nucleus –Microfilaments: thinnest, shape, muscle contractions, cell division

15. Cilia and Flagella Flagella are longer, maybe only one or two Cilia are shorter and there are many Help with movement of cell

16. Cell Membrane Regulates the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell. The model we use is called the fluid mosaic model which contains the phospholipid bilayer, integral proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrate groups attached to lipids or proteins (glycolipids, glycoproteins) Because the phospholipids are held together through weaker intermolecular bonds, they can move around freely.

18. Fluidity of a Membrane Should maintain its fluidity because if too fluid, it lets too many molecules into the cell. Temperature, presence of double bonds in the fatty acid tails (more double bonds = not as tightly packed) and length of fatty acid tails (longer chain = more intermolecular interactions) can contribute to fluidity. Presence of cholesterol decreases fluidity at room temperature by increasing intermolecular forces. Cholesterol can increase fluidity at lower temperatures by breaking up the tight packing of the phospholipids.

19. Membrane Proteins Integral proteins are embedded in the membrane. Peripheral proteins are more loosely attached to the inside of the membrane. They help to stabilize the cell and give it shape by connecting to the cytoskeleton Transport: move substances across the membrane Catalyst: work as enzymes Cell recognition: carb chains enable cells to recognize each other Signal reception and transduction: receptor proteins bind to signal molecules such as hormones and can send signals elsewhere.

20. Practice: Page 42 # 1, 5, 8, 9.