1. The Cell Theory The Cell Theory

2. Some Random Cell Facts The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion individual cells!!! The average human being is composed of around 100 Trillion individual cells!!! It would take as many as 50 cells to cover the area of a dot on the letter “ i ” It would take as many as 50 cells to cover the area of a dot on the letter “ i ”WOW!!!

3. Discovery of Cells 1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. 1665- English Scientist, Robert Hooke, discovered cells while looking at a thin slice of cork. He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb He described the cells as tiny boxes or a honeycomb He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi He thought that cells only existed in plants and fungi

4. Anton van Leuwenhoek 1673- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms 1673- Used a handmade microscope to observe pond scum & discovered single-celled organisms He called them “animalcules” He called them “animalcules” He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans He also observed blood cells from fish, birds, frogs, dogs, and humans Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants Therefore, it was known that cells are found in animals as well as plants

5. 150-200 Year Gap??? Between the Hooke/Leuwenhoek discoveries and the mid 19 th century, very little cell advancements were made. Between the Hooke/Leuwenhoek discoveries and the mid 19 th century, very little cell advancements were made. This is probably due to the widely accepted, traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. This is probably due to the widely accepted, traditional belief in Spontaneous Generation. Examples: Examples: -Mice from dirty clothes/corn husks -Maggots from rotting meat

6. 19 th Century Advancement Much doubt existed around Spontaneous Generation Much doubt existed around Spontaneous Generation Conclusively disproved by Louis Pasteur Conclusively disproved by Louis Pasteur Pasteur: Ummm, I don’t think so!!! + = ?

7. Development of Cell Theory 1838- German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden, concluded that all plant parts are made of cells 1838- German Botanist, Matthias Schleiden, concluded that all plant parts are made of cells 1839- German physiologist, Theodor Schwann, who was a close friend of Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells. 1839- German physiologist, Theodor Schwann, who was a close friend of Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues are composed of cells.

8. Development of Cell Theory 1858- Rudolf Virchow, German physician, after extensive study of cellular pathology, concluded that cells must arise from preexisting cells. 1858- Rudolf Virchow, German physician, after extensive study of cellular pathology, concluded that cells must arise from preexisting cells.

9. The Cell Theory Complete The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now complete: The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now complete: 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) 2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39) 3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858) 3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858)

10. Modern Cell Theory Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in addition to the original Cell Theory: Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in addition to the original Cell Theory: The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division. The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic activities. All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out inside the cells.(movement, digestion,etc) All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out inside the cells.(movement, digestion,etc) Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures within the cell(organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane) Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures within the cell(organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane)

11. How Has The Cell Theory Been Used? The basic discovered truths about cells, listed in the Cell Theory, are the basis for things such as: The basic discovered truths about cells, listed in the Cell Theory, are the basis for things such as: Disease/Health/Medical Research and Cures(AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Cloning, Stem Cell Research, etc.) Disease/Health/Medical Research and Cures(AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Cloning, Stem Cell Research, etc.)

12. Some Parting Thoughts It is amazing to think that the cells that make up our bodies are just as alive as we are. Humans are just an intricately designed community of cells, which must work together to survive. It is amazing to think that the cells that make up our bodies are just as alive as we are. Humans are just an intricately designed community of cells, which must work together to survive. Cells, in my opinion, are one of the strongest cases for intelligent design by our Creator God! Cells, in my opinion, are one of the strongest cases for intelligent design by our Creator God!

13. Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells: HAS A NUCLEUS!! Eukaryotic cells: HAS A NUCLEUS!! All organelles are membrane- bound All organelles are membrane- bound All other kingdoms than bacteria All other kingdoms than bacteria Unicellular or multicellular Unicellular or multicellular

14. Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells: CELLS WITH NO NUCLEUS!! Prokaryotic cells: CELLS WITH NO NUCLEUS!! No membrane bound organelles No membrane bound organelles BACTERIA!!! BACTERIA!!! Great degree of diversity Great degree of diversity Unicellular Unicellular

15. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells No Nucleus No Nucleus No Organelles No Organelles Cell Wall of peptidoglycan Cell Wall of peptidoglycan Binary Fission Binary Fission 1 circular chromosome 1 circular chromosome Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus Nucleus Organelles Organelles If cell wall, Cellulose or chitin If cell wall, Cellulose or chitin Mitosis Mitosis Linear chromosomes Linear chromosomes

17. What is a cell? What is a cell? What is a cell? A cell is the basic unit of living things. A cell is the basic unit of living things. Some living things are composed of only one cell and are called UNICELLULAR organsims. Some living things are composed of only one cell and are called UNICELLULAR organsims. Organisms that have many different cells are called MULTICELLULAR organisms. Organisms that have many different cells are called MULTICELLULAR organisms.

18. Kingdoms and their Cells All living things have cells!! Would viruses have cells? 6 kingdoms Of Living Things 1. Archeabacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protists 4. Fungus 5. Plants 6. Animals

19. Cells that build the organism

20. Every kingdom is made up of different types of cells. Lets look at some different cells. Every kingdom is made up of different types of cells. Lets look at some different cells.

21. Archeabacteria – simplest organism(unicellular) Oldest Living Things on Earth! Found in extreme environments: volcano vents, hot springs, etc. Oldest Living Things on Earth! Found in extreme environments: volcano vents, hot springs, etc.

22. Eubacteria – more complex than archae( unicellular) All other bacteria: like on your skin, in your SI, yogurt, cheese, etc All other bacteria: like on your skin, in your SI, yogurt, cheese, etc

23. Protists – more complex than bacteria(unicellular) Unicellular kingdom found in water or liquids only. Consumers and producers Unicellular kingdom found in water or liquids only. Consumers and producers Ameoba euglenastentor

24. Protists These are protists called diatoms that cause red tide. Uses the oxygen out of the water and kill all animals!!!

25. Fungus Kingdom of multi-cellular organisms (except yeast). Mostly decomposers. Kingdom of multi-cellular organisms (except yeast). Mostly decomposers. Athlete’s Foot MushroomYeast

26. Plants – producer for other kingdoms 4 organs of a plant 4 organs of a plant

27. Root, stem, leaf, and flower Why would the root not be green? Why would the root not be green?

28. Animals Kingdom of multicellular organisms that are consumer Kingdom of multicellular organisms that are consumer Bone cellsBlood cells

29. Animal cells Skin cell red and white blood cells Skeletal muscle

30. Cancer cells- out of control cell growth!! Breast cancerbladder cancerbone cancer

31. An organelle is a membrane- bound structure that carries out specific activities for the cell. What is an organelle?

32. You will need to know the following organelles and their function: Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm,Mitochondria, Golgi Complex, Ribosomes,Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Cell Wall, Chloroplast, Central Vacuole, Lysosome, Microtubles, Microfilaments, Nucleolus,Vesicles,Cytoskeleton,Centrioles

33. Organelles - Control Center Nucleus Nucleus Nucleolus Nucleolus

34. Nucleus The control center of the cell. It contains the DNA code for the cell coiled into chromosomes. Cell process: cell division, protain making, energy, etc

35. Nucleolus Organelle in the nucleus that is the site to make ribosomes. Cell process: protein making

36. Organelles - Store, clean, support Vacoules, Vesicles, cytoskeleton, microtubules, microfilaments, centrioles, lysosomes, cytoplasm

37. Cytoplasm (not an organelle All organelles reside (live and float around in) the cytoplasm. All organelles reside (live and float around in) the cytoplasm. Cell process: Cell process: Cell division Cell division

38. Lysosome Breaks down materials for digestion. Breaks down materials for digestion. Contains special enzymes for digestion in the cell. Contains special enzymes for digestion in the cell.

39. Central Vacuole (Plant Cell Only) Most plant cells have one large one. Most plant cells have one large one. Filled w/ fluid. Filled w/ fluid. Helps maintains turgor pressure and shape of cell. Helps maintains turgor pressure and shape of cell.

40. Cytoskeleton Network of proteins that change to meet the needs of the cell. Network of proteins that change to meet the needs of the cell. Microtubules Microtubules Intermediate fibers Intermediate fibers Microfilaments Microfilaments

41. Microtubules Long hollow tubes that gives the cell shape and helps to track the movement of organelles. In cell division, microtubules pull apart DNA. Long hollow tubes that gives the cell shape and helps to track the movement of organelles. In cell division, microtubules pull apart DNA. Process: Cell division Process: Cell division

42. Microfilaments Small threads that enable the cell to divide and move. They play an important role in muscle contractions. Small threads that enable the cell to divide and move. They play an important role in muscle contractions. Cell process: cell division Cell process: cell division

43. Centrioles Produces the microtubules that pull apart chromosomes during cell division Produces the microtubules that pull apart chromosomes during cell division Cell Process: cell division Cell Process: cell division

44. Vesicles

45. Protein Building Organelles: ribsosome, ER(smooth and rough) Organelles: ribsosome, ER(smooth and rough) Golgi appartatus Golgi appartatus

46. Ribosomes Synthesizes proteins. Present in the cytoplasm. Present with Rough ER. No membrane present. Cell process: protein making

47. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Transports materials throughout the cell. Transports materials throughout the cell. Digests lipids. Digests lipids. Cell process: Produces proteins. Cell process: Produces proteins.

48. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Covered with ribosomes. Cell process: Produces proteins. Transports materials throughout the cell.

49. Golgi Complex The protein packaging and transport center of the cell. The protein packaging and transport center of the cell. Has incoming and outgoing vesicles. Has incoming and outgoing vesicles.

50. Cell Membrane Every cell is enclosed by a cell membrane. It controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell. Every cell is enclosed by a cell membrane. It controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell.

51. Energy Capture Organelles: Mitochondria, chloroplast Organelles: Mitochondria, chloroplast

52. Mitochondria This organelle processes energy for a cell. It makes ATP. (ATP = energy) Involved in cellular respiration. Cell process: cellular respiration

53. Chloroplast (Plant Cell Only) Contains chlorophyll. Makes plants green. Uses light energy to make ATP & sugars. Photosynthesis takes place here. Cell process: photosynthesis

54. Boundaries Organelle: Cell membrane Nuclear membrane Cell wall

55. Cell membrane Outer membrane made of phosolipids and proteins that controls traffic of substances inside and outside of the cell.

56. Nuclear membrane Controls movement of materials to and from the nucleus. Cell process: cell division and protein making

57. Cell Wall (Plant Cell Only) Rigid and strong wall. Rigid and strong wall. Protects and maintains the shape of the cell. Protects and maintains the shape of the cell.