1. Government and the State
How is government defined?
What are the basic powers that every government holds?
What are the four defining characteristics of the state?
How have we attempted to explain the origin of the state?
What is the purpose of government in the United States and other countries?

2. What Is Government?
Government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies.

3. The State
The state can be defined as having these four characteristics:
Population
A state must have people, the number of which does not directly relate to its existence.
Territory
A state must be comprised of land—territory with known and recognized boundaries.
Sovereignty
Every state is sovereign. It has supreme and absolute power within its own territory and decides its own foreign and domestic policies.
Government
Every state has a government — that is, it is politically organized.

4. Origins of the State The Force Theory The Evolutionary Theory
The force theory states that one person or a small group took control of an area and forced all within it to submit to that person’s or group’s rule.
The Evolutionary Theory
The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved naturally out of the early family.
The Divine Right Theory
The theory of divine right holds that God created the state and that God gives those of royal birth a “divine right” to rule.
The Social Contract Theory
The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a voluntary act of free people.

5. MAJOR POLITICAL IDEAS IN HISTORY
Including, but not limited to:
 natural law –includes standards of justice which transcend laws made by humans.
 natural rights –John Locke: “life, liberty, and property.” Thomas Jefferson adapted these ideas in the Declaration of Independence, i.e., “life, liberty and pursuit of happiness.” Other natural rights are included in the Bill of Rights.
 divine right of kings –belief that monarchs were chosen by God- gave the monarch unlimited authority.
 Social Contract Theory –in order for man to live in groups, he must give up some of his freedom to the government in exchange for protection of his natural rights. The idea was developed by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan, expanded by John Locke in Second Treatise on Government and Jean Jacques
Rousseau in Social Contract. The authority of government is derived from the consent of the governed. The citizens could challenge a government that does not preserve their natural rights.

6. PRINCIPLES AND IDEAS UNDERLYING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND U
PRINCIPLES AND IDEAS UNDERLYING THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND U.S. CONSTITUTION
Including, but not limited to:
 Thomas Hobbes –enlightenment thinker; Social Contract theory. It is the responsibility of the majority to protect the rights of the minority.
 John Locke –natural rights; life, liberty and property; strongest influence on Thomas Jefferson
 Charles de Montesquieu –separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent one part of

7. OF U.S. GOVERNMENT Including, but not limited to:
 Founding Father –individual who played a major role in declaring U.S. independence, fighting the
Revolutionary War, or writing and adopting the U.S. Constitution.
 John Adams –served in 1st and 2nd Continental Congress, led the debate that ratified the Declaration of Independence, served as Vice President for 8 years under George Washington and was elected the 2nd President of the United States in It is significant to note that he was not elected vice president, but rather received the second most votes in the presidential election of 1788.
 Alexander Hamilton –considered intelligent and decisive, Hamilton was a delegate to Continental
Congresses and the Constitutional Convention. He was a leading Federalist, favored strong central
government, and helped write the Federalist Papers. He was the first secretary of Treasury, during
which time he established the Mint and the National Bank. He believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution.
 Thomas Jefferson –third president of the United States and author of the Declaration of
Independence. He was an Anti-Federalist and supported a strong Bill of Rights. His opposition to a
strong central government led to the creation of the first political parties. He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress. He did not take part in writing the Constitution because he was in France at the time. He was the first Secretary of State, taking Benjamin Franklin’s place as minister of France; he approved the Louisiana Purchase.

8.  James Madison –“Father of the Constitution” and fourth president of the United States- essential to the writing and ratification of the Constitution. One of the authors of the Federalist Papers, he supported a strong central government. He also wrote the first 12 amendments to the Constitution

9. The Purpose of Government
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

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Section 1 Assessment
1. A government is
(a) the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies.
(b) a collection of people.
(c) always democratic.
(d) the organization representing farms and industries.
2. A state has the following four characteristics:
(a) population, territory, sovereignty, and government.
(b) sovereignty, a perfect union, welfare, and territory.
(c) people, places, force, and divine right.
(d) justice, defense, liberty, and domestic tranquility.
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11. Want to connect to the PHSchool.com link for this chapter? Click Here!
Section 1 Assessment
1. A government is
(a) the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies.
(b) a collection of people.
(c) always democratic.
(d) the organization representing farms and industries.
2. A state has the following four characteristics:
(a) population, territory, sovereignty, and government.
(b) sovereignty, a perfect union, welfare, and territory.
(c) people, places, force, and divine right.
(d) justice, defense, liberty, and domestic tranquility.
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12. Section 1 Guided Reading and Review
Government and the State
1, 1
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, fill in the answers to the following questions.
1. What are the four characteristics of a state?
a. _population_
b. _territory____
c._ sovereignty__
d.__government__

13. 2. What are the four theories of the origins of a state?
a. ____force____
b.____evolutionary__
c.____divineright_______
d. ____social contract_

14. 3. What are six purposes of the American system of government?
a. __form a more perfect union__
b. __establish justice________
c. __ensure domestic tranquility__
d. __provide for the common defense_
e. __promote the general welfare__
f. ___secure the blessings of liberty_

15. B. Reviewing Key Terms
Complete each sentence in Column 1 by writing the letter of the correct term from column 2
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. C

16. Forms of Government How can we classify governments?
How are systems of government defined in terms of who can participate?
How is power distributed within a state?
How are governments defined by the relationship between the legislative and executive branches?

17. Classifying Governments
Governments can be classified by three different standards:
(1) Who can participate in the governing process.
(2) The geographic distribution of the governmental power within the state.
(3) The relationship between the legislative (lawmaking) and the executive (law-executing) branches of the government.

18. Classification by Who Can Participate
Democracy
In a democracy, supreme political authority rests with the people.
A direct democracy exists where the will of the people is translated into law directly by the people themselves.
In an indirect democracy, a small group of persons, chosen by the people to act as their representatives, expresses the popular will.
Dictatorship
A dictatorship exists where those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people.
An autocracy is a government in which a single person holds unlimited political power.
An oligarchy is a government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite.

19. Classification by Geographic Distribution of Power
Unitary Government
A unitary government has all powers held by a single, central agency.
Confederate Government
A confederation is an alliance of independent states.
Federal Government
A federal government is one in which the powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments.
An authority superior to both the central and local governments makes this division of power on a geographic basis.

20. Presidential and Parliamentary Governments
Classification by the Relationship Between Legislative and Executive Branches
Presidential and Parliamentary Governments

21. Forms of Government

22. Section 2 Assessment 1. In a democracy,
(a) independent states form an alliance.
(b) supreme political authority rests with the people.
(c) those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people.
(d) the rule by a few, select individuals regulates the will of the people.
2. The United States government has the following characteristics:
(a) confederate, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
(b) unitary, presidential, and democracy.
(c) federal, presidential, and democracy.
(d) unitary, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
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23. Section 2 Assessment 1. In a democracy,
(a) independent states form an alliance.
(b) supreme political authority rests with the people.
(c) those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people.
(d) the rule by a few, select individuals regulates the will of the people.
2. The United States government has the following characteristics:
(a) confederate, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
(b) unitary, presidential, and democracy.
(c) federal, presidential, and democracy.
(d) unitary, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
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24. Basic Concepts of Democracy
What are the foundations of democracy?
What are the connections between democracy and the free enterprise system?
How has the Internet affected democracy?

25. Foundations
The American concept of democracy rests on these basic notions:
(1) A recognition of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person;
(2) A respect for the equality of all persons;
(3) A faith in majority rule and an insistence upon minority rights;
(4) An acceptance of the necessity of compromise; and
(5) An insistence upon the widest possible degree of individual freedom.

26. Democracy and the Free Enterprise System
The free enterprise system is an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods; investments that are determined by private decision rather than by state control; and determined in a free market.
Decisions in a free enterprise system are determined by the law of supply and demand.
An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion is called a mixed economy.

27. Democracy and the Internet
Democracy demands that the people be widely informed about their government.
Theoretically, the Internet makes knowledgeable participation in democratic process easier than ever before.
However, all data on the World Wide Web is not necessarily true, and the long-term effects of the Internet on democracy has yet to be determined.

28. Section 3 Assessment
1. All of the following are basic notions found in the American concept of democracy EXCEPT
(a) a recognition of of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person.
(b) a respect for the equality of all persons.
(c) the rule of government by a single individual.
(d) an acceptance of the necessity of compromise.
2. In a free enterprise system, the means of capital are owned
(a) by private and corporate entities.
(b) by government agencies.
(c) by only the agricultural sector.
(d) equally by the collective citizenry.
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29. Section 3 Assessment
1. All of the following are basic notions found in the American concept of democracy EXCEPT
(a) a recognition of of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person.
(b) a respect for the equality of all persons.
(c) the rule of government by a single individual.
(d) an acceptance of the necessity of compromise.
2. In a free enterprise system, the means of capital are owned
(a) by private and corporate entities.
(b) by government agencies.
(c) by only the agricultural sector.
(d) equally by the collective citizenry.
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