1. The Evolution Revolution Charles Darwin and the Rise of Modern Science

2. Early 19 th Century Science on the rise Structure of the physical universe better understood. Biology poorly understood

3. Big Question What is the origin of species? Divine Creation: God created all living things as they are and they do not change over time. (prevailing view)

4. Evolution A radical idea that gains support in the 18th Century. Geologist find evidence for an old and changing Earth. –Mountain building and erosion patterns. –Fossils in strange places and strange fossils.

5. Lamarck’s Concept of Evolution Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829) Made many important contributions to biology (Medicine, Botany, Invertebrate Zoology). One of the first scientist to become convinced evolution happens.

6. Lamarck’s Concept of Evolution Environmental changes occur. Changed environment alters the needs of living things. These altered needs lead to changes in behavior. Altered behavior means that some structures/organs will have more or less use.

7. → ↓ Evolution of the Giraffe Okapi

8. The Life of Darwin (1809-1882) Washes out of Medical School. Completes Bachelor’s Degree and is preparing to enter clergy. Much more interested in being a “naturalist”. Receives offer to sail on the HMS Beagle

9. Voyage of the Beagle (1831-36)

10. Mission: To Map the Coastline of S. America Capt. Robert Fitzroy

12. Darwin’s Landing at Buccaneer Cove, Santiago Island “Nothing could be less inviting than the first appearance.” --Charles Darwin

13. High Number of Endemics Most species are endemic (i.e. found only on the Galapagos). –42% of the plants –100% of the land reptiles –26% of sea birds –75% of land birds –82% of mammals

14. Land Iguana (South Plaza Island)

15. Galapagos Tortoise (Geochelone elephantopus)

18. Scientific Method Set of rules used to study natural phenomena. These rules are used in an effort to focus research in the most useful direction. They also (hopefully) keep us from jumping to appealing but erroneous conclusions.

19. Scientific Method Observations Hypothesis Experimentation Hypothesis revision New Experiments Theories and Models

20. Scientific Method Scientist use this method to avoid: 1.Reliance on authority or revealed wisdom. 2.Over use of “common sense”. 3.Acceptance of anecdotal data. 4.Accepting an hypothesis with inadequate testing.

21. Darwin’s Scientific Method Massive Observations –Selective breeding –Observations of other scientists –Beagle observations Development of a Hypothesis –Evolution: Change over time –Natural Selection as the Mechanism

22. Development of a Theory Theory: A hypothesis that has been thoroughly tested and never falsified. Accepted to be true and used as a basis for future hypotheses –e.g. Einstein’s theory of Relativity.

23. The Theory of Evolution Change over time: Thoroughly documented and demonstrated –anatomical evidence –fossil evidence –development –molecular evidence Natural Selection: Shown to be the major way in which this change occurs. (but not the only way)

24. The Controversy Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Kepler changed the way we view the functioning of our world. –Earth is not the center of the universe Darwin changed the way we view creation (life) itself. –Humans are not the center of the Earth

25. New View of Life (the Moran version) Humans are part of a long (billions of years) and fascinating history of life. All life is unique and special We are creations of this world but the world was not created for us.

26. Slow to publish: Why so long? Anguish Illness Slow development of ideas Collection of a wealth of evidence

27. Anguish Social class –Respectability –Evolution subversive - against his class Religous considerations –especially worried about hurting wife Emma who grieved for his soul Scientific prejudice against “ speculation ” “ Like confessing a murder. ”

28. Illness Sea sickness Problems throughout life –violent shivering, vomiting, exhaustion, palpitations, hands trembling, head swimming, sleeplessness, headaches, flatulance, stomach problems, ringing of ears, fainting, copious palid urine In 1841 could work “ an hour or two a couple of days a week. ” Chaga ’ s disease or just nervous?

29. Slow to publish: Why so long? Anguish Illness Slow development of ideas Detailed analysis, collection of a wealth of evidence –pigeons –barnacles

30. Alfred Russel Wallace Thought of natural selection (1959) Wrote to Darwin Darwin had been working on book Published a “ letter ” jointly Wallace didn ’ t –put in the hard yards collecting and documenting evidence to support theory –remain in favour of the theory Darwin did!