1. Hydrogeodesy: Can it help to reach the Millennium Development Goal for Water in Africa? Norman L. Miller IGCP 565 Fifth Annual Workshop 29-30 October 2012

2. Outline 1.Hydrology, Water Scarcity and MDG 7 2.Monitoring Surface Water and Groundwater Variations 3.Modeling, Assimilation, and Prediction of Water Variations 4.Water Use Efficiency Management and Education

3. Millennium Development Goal Target 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability By 2015, halve the number of people without access to sustainable drinking water. WHO/UNICEF 2012: Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation. At the end of 2010, 89% of the World’s population has adequate drinking supplies. Exceeding the MDG Target of 88%. However there are 783 Million People still not meeting MDG, mostly in Africa (477 Million People are in Sub-Sahara Africa).

4. Forty Percent of the Global Population Face Water Scarcity Percent Water Scarcity

7. Annual Total Precipitation and River-Runoff In Africa

8. Percent Land Area Irrigated

9. Water Storage and Fluxes ~30 percent of Freshwater Storage is Groundwater

10. Less than 0.8 % of the Global Water Cycle is Groundwater But, this is a very important part of the Hydrologic Cycle ! Groundwater acts as our drought insurance

11. To Meet the MDG on Water, Groundwater Change Needs Monitoring Gravity monitoring yields total mass change Land Surface Modeling yields surface soil moisture content (i.e. surface water and snow storage). Gravity monitoring provides the residual groundwater change

12. African Geodetic Reference Frame Global GPS Network Sites in Africa

13. Weighing Stored Terrestrial Water by Remote Sensed Geodesy GRACE Gravity and Climate Experiment Twin Satellites

14. GRACE Variations in Mass within the Earth Runoff and Groundwater Storage Change GRACE needs 150,000 km 2 for accuracy Changes in Ice Mass

15. Mean Annual Gravity Height

16. From Yamamoto

17. Lake Victoria Drainage Basin (258000 km 2 ) Hydrologic Modeling using Gravity Recovery

18. The Agreed Curve sets outflows as a function of lake level

19. Lake Victoria Water Level Lags Precipitation by One Month

20. The 1963 Lake Level Increase is Primarily due to the Phase of the IOZM (Indian Ocean Zonal Mode)

25. Meeting the MDG on Water Increased Ground truth observations to increase accuracy Better characterized land surface properties for improved simulation of surface water Water Use Efficiency and Precision Agriculture using GPS network