1. Psych 216: Movement Attention

2. What is attention? Covert and overt selection appear to recruit the same areas of the brain.

3. Imaging studies of attention Functional imaging studies have been conducted in which blood flow or oxygen consumption in the brain was measured while visual attention tasks were performed by to determine what parts of the brain control covert attentional selection. These studies show parietal lobe activation during visual search and cueing tasks. This activity is consistent with several existing hypotheses. –1) That parietal cortex controls the voluntary orienting of attention to a location of interest. –2) That parietal cortex controls the reorienting of attention to new locations once one object or location has been attended.

4. Corbetta et al. (2000) Measured blood flow while subjects performed a cueing task.

5. Frontal-parietal network

7. Is attention just movement- related activity? Because similar brain areas are active when people shift gave and shift attention, researchers have proposed that shifts of attention are simply due to subthreshold activity in the neurons that control gaze. This is known as the premotor theory of attention. –“There are no such things as selective attention circuits defined as anatomical entities separted from the spatial maps [that perform goal-directed, spatially coded movements].” Rizzolati, Riggio, & Sheliga

8. Premotor Evidence Shifting attention to more eccentric locations takes more time and horizontal shifts are slower than vertical. This pattern is similar to what is found when people make eye movements. Rizzolatti et al. 1987 A shift of attention appears to precede a shift of gaze to a location. Kowler et al. 1995 –Difficult to attend to one location and make a saccade to a different location

9. Stimulating a oculomotor area and covertly attending

10. Visual-response discriminability of V4 neurons Armstrong K M, Moore T PNAS 2007;104:9499-9504 ©2007 by National Academy of Sciences

11. Subthreshold FEF microstimulation enhances V4 response discriminability Armstrong K M, Moore T PNAS 2007;104:9499-9504 ©2007 by National Academy of Sciences

12. However, … The areas that are active during shifts of attention and control shifts of gaze have a diversity of cell types. Microstimulation in a brain area can effect all of they different cell types. Showing that attention and eye movements have similar spatial characteristics and may interact does not mean they are the same thing. –Remember the differences in timing we talked about last class.

13. Let’s consider some evidence for which the premotor theory has difficulty accounting The oculomotor structures (like FEF, LIP, & SC) have a diversity of cell types within them.

15. Let’s consider some evidence for which the premotor theory has difficulty accounting Movement related cells in oculomotor structures (like FEF or SC) are not wired to visual cortex in the back of the brain (V4, etc.) where attention effects are observed.

16. Green = connected to visual cortex Red = connected to SC

17. Other attention effects Object-based attention –These are attention effects in which attention is deployed to one of two spatially overlapping objects which are both fixated. Negative priming –Attending to one of two spatially overlapping objects causes long-lasting suppression of the distractor.

18. Conclusions The structural (connectivity of different types of neurons), physiological (responses of different types of neurons within an area), and psychological (evidence for attention effects that are not spatial) evidence does not support the proposal that attention is just movement-related activity. So, what is it. Mechanisms of selection (I.e., attention) appear to exist throughout the brain to resolve competition. –To recognize objects one at a time, make one response at a time, store some information in memory and not everything.