1. ELF-Induced DNA Breaks
Henry Lai
Department of Bioengineering
University of Washington
Seattle, WA
USA

2. DNA Strand breaks -single and double strand breaks
-mis-repair cumulative
-affect cell functions; can lead to cancer and cell death

3. COMET ASSAY

6. DNA strand breaks have been reported in different cell types after ELF EMF exposure.
Ahuja (99)- human leukocytes
Delimaris (06)- human lymphocytes
Hong (05)- mouse sperm cells
Ivancsit (02, 05)- human fibroblasts and melanocytes
Ivancsit (03)-more pronounced effect observed in
fibroblasts of older subjects.
Jajte (01)- rat lymphocytes
Lai and Singh (97, 04)- rat brain cells
Li (01)- E. coli
Svedenstal (99)- mouse brain cells
Wolf (05)- HL-60 and rat fibroblasts
Zmyslong (00, 04)- rat lymphocytes

7. ELF EMF affects DNA repair
Robison (02) HL-60 –decrease
Chow (00) – E. coli- increase- heat shock protein
Schmitz (04)- Mouse brain and kidney cells- increase

8. ELF EMF genotoxic effects involve free radicals
Effects blocked by free radical scavengers, enhanced by divalent metals, increase oxidative-damage in molecules
Jaite (01)
Lai and Singh (97)
Li (01)
Lourencini (00)
Yokus (05)
Wolf (05)
Zmyslong (00, 04)

9. THE FENTON REACTION Electromagnetic fields iron OH H2O2 mitochondria
Cellular damage
THE FENTON REACTION

10. Intensity and duration of exposure interact.
High intensity/short duration = Low intensity/long duration