1. Kathryn H. Braund Dept. of History, Auburn University

2. Who is this man? What can we learn from the portrait? How does he present himself? What do the portrait details reveal about status, ethnicity, race?

3. William McIntosh Full-length oil portrait, 1821 Nathan and Joseph Negus Ala. Dept. of Archives and History

4.  Tribes sovereign, independent nations  Gov’t to gov’t relationship with federal gov’t (not states)  Purchase land for national expansion  by public treaty  under authority of United States 4

5. 5  Two assumptions  Indians aren’t “civilized”  some can become “civilized”  Southeastern Indians  Intermarriage and “progress”  1790 Treaty of New York (Creek)  1791 Treaty of Holstein (Cherokee)

6.  Commercial Agriculture  Private Property  New Roles for Women  weaving  “domesticity”  Slave Labor  Move out of Towns to individual farms  Stock Raising not Hunting 6

7.  Literacy  Christianity  linear vs. circular “time”  “real” vs. “mythic” history  books vs. story tellers  education by the state, not family 7

8.  End “law of blood”  concept of individual vs. clan responsibility  law “menders” dispatched by council replace clan vengeance 8

9.  National Council  centralize power and “speak” for all the towns  leaders receive “gifts” from U.S.  shift away from consensus to accommodation 9

10.  Widening gaps in views and lifestyle  “progressives” move away from towns  stock  “plantations” at Tensaw  away from dictates of clan authority and town government  many--but not all-of mixed ancestry 10

11.  More demands for land from Georgia  Trouble Spots  Cumberland: TN  Okmulgee: GA  Tombigbee: MS Terr.  Federal Road: 1805  travelers  immigrants  cattle 11

12.  Accommodation and acculturation  Hawkins and his National Council  Drive out intruders and revitalize traditional town culture and religion  Red Sticks 12

13. 19 th Century Print. Private Collection.

14.  Progressives— aggressive embrace of “civilization”  Constitutional Government  Literacy  Voluntary removal  Cooperation

15.  Turning Point  Civilization  Removal William McIntosh